1990年以来我国大陆海岸线变迁及分形维数研究

选取1990年以来的9期的遥感影像共计371景,提取大陆海岸线数据,分析了海岸线长度历年变迁规律及分形维数的变化,得出以下结论:(1)近22 a来,我国大陆海岸线长度基本保持增长趋势;(2)自然岸线和河口岸线长度处于减少趋势,而人工岸线长度处于增加趋势,其增长速度大于自然岸线和河口岸线减少速度之和;(3)我国海岸线的分形维数呈直线增长趋势,其变化趋势与海岸线长度变化一致。     

Identification of Bacillus methylotrophicus and its application in preventing fly maggot production in the environment北大核心CSCD

This research aimed to screen Bacillus spp. to prevent the production of fly maggot on kitchen wastes from soil in the experimental bases of the South China Agricultural University. A nutrient-rich medium was used to isolate the Bacillus spp. with high temperature treatment. The seventeen Bacillus strains were obtained and assigned to three groups by using Insertion Sequence based PCR (IS-PCR) DNA fingerprinting patterns. The homology of the 16S rDNA gene was 100% between Group I and Bacillus methylotrophicus CBMB 205T, 99.61% between Group II and Bacillus aerophilus 28KT, and 99.87% between Group III and Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579T. The results of kitchen waste tests proved that the representative bacteria of Group I RF2 had the ability to prevent fly maggot production on kitchen wastes. Furthermore, the results of physiological and biochemical tests, carbon utilization tests, and antagonists against plant pathogen tests showed that the bacteria from Group I RF2 had the ability to decompose glucose into pyruvate and then decarboxylate pyruvate to diacetyl under alkaline conditions, convert ammonia to intracellular amino acids or other kinds of nitrogenous compounds, use many kinds of carbon source for self-growth, and be antagonistic against plant pathogenic rice sheath blight disease, banana fusarium wilt, and Fusarium oxysporum. Besides, the bacteria from RF2 could secret organic acids to dissolve insoluble phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2] for its own growth by decreasing the pH. Group I RF2 was a strong plant-promotion bacterium, and had good prospects of application for preventing fly maggot production on kitchen wastes. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

End-of-life batteries management and material flow analysis in South Korea

Analysis of collection and recycling system of end-of-life batteries was examined. Relatively limited fractions of portable batteries were collected by EPR system. More effective and diverse collection pathways should be developed. Consumers increasingly have worn-out batteries as electrical and electronic equipment with new technical developments are introduced into the market and quickly replace older models. As a result, large amounts of end-of-life (EOL) or waste batteries are generated. Such batteries may contain a variety of materials that includes valuable resources as well as toxic elements. Thus, the proper recycling and management of batteries is very important from the perspective of resource conservation and environmental effect. The collection and recycling of EOL batteries is relatively low in South Korea compared to other countries, although an extended producer responsibility (EPR) policy was adopted for battery recycling in 2003. In this study, the management and material flow of EOL batteries is presented to determine potential problems and quantitative flow, based on literature review, site visits to battery recycling facilities, and interviews with experts in the Korea Battery Recycling Association (KBRA), manufacturers, and regulators in government. The results show that approximately 558 tons of manganese-alkaline batteries, the largest fraction among recycling target items, was disposed in landfills or incinerators in 2015, while approximately 2,000 tons of batteries were recovered at a recycling facility by simple sorting and crushing processes. By raising environmental awareness, more diverse and effective collection systems could be established for consumers to easily dispose of EOL batteries in many places. Producers, retailers and distributors in South Korea should also play an important role in the collection of EOL batteries from consumers. Lithium-ion batteries from many electronic devices must be included in the EPR system for resource recovery.     

基于抗侧刚度比的防屈曲支撑组合框架优化研究

针对某26层设置了防屈曲支撑的钢管混凝土组合框架的benchmark模型,以振型分解反应谱法作为基础算法,编制了基于遗传算法的优化程序,通过改变结构各层的抗侧刚度比,对设置防屈曲支撑的钢管混凝土组合框架结构进行了防屈曲支撑截面面积的优化设计,对以变化抗侧刚度比设计的结构和以固定抗侧刚度比设计的结构进行了弹性阶段和弹塑性阶段的地震响应对比分析。结果表明:以变化抗侧刚度比设计的结构能在不减弱抗震性能的同时,减少48%的防屈曲支撑用量。在罕遇地震作用下,以变化抗侧刚度比设计的防屈曲支撑的耗能比例达54.98%,充分发挥防屈曲支撑的塑性变形能力消耗地震能量,起到保护框架梁、柱的作用。     

双层打包带加固村镇砖墙的抗震性能试验研究∗

为了提高村镇砖墙的抗震性能,对2片双层打包带加固墙体和2片未加固对比墙进行拟静力试验,研究0.35MPa和0.6 MPa竖向应力的作用下,墙体的破坏形态、水平承载力、滞回性能和耗能等抗震性能。试验结果表明原墙体均发生剪切破坏,加固后墙体在0.35 MPa竖向应力作用下,发生弯曲破坏,在0.6 MPa竖向应力作用下,发生剪切破坏,加固减轻墙体破坏程度,减小了裂缝宽度,破坏时加固层和墙体整体性较好;加固后墙体的开裂和极限荷载均得以提高,竖向应力大时的墙体提高幅度大;加固后墙体的滞回曲线更为饱满,试件延性和耗能能力都有提高,竖向应力较小时,加固墙体水平荷载-顶点位移骨架曲线的下降阶段更为平缓,试件延性提高了50%,耗能能力提高了447%。双层打包带加固法可明显减轻墙体的破坏,有效提高墙体抗震性能,尤其对承受较小的竖向应力时效果更好,研究成果为打包带加固方法的发展和村镇砖墙实地加固提供参考。     

京津冀一次污染过程的星地同步动态监测分析

京津冀地区大气污染监管逐渐走向区域联防联控模式,卫星遥感可实现大范围实时动态监测,地基监测能够获取精细的网点信息.结合卫星和地基数据,可对区域污染的生消过程进行三维立体的跟踪.本文通过综合分析卫星遥感数据、地面PM_(2.5)浓度数据、激光雷达垂直污染监测数据以及气象数据,分析了2018年3月8～10日京津冀区域污染的形成过程、传输路径、影响范围以及气象因子变化.结果发现,本次污染覆盖范围面积达20万km~2左右,区域内以四级中度污染为主,区域间的污染传输过程非常典型. 3月8～9日北京-保定偏南风频率为50%左右,冀南部分地区到达100%,在持续偏南风作用下,北京-保定一带空气质量由一级优迅速升至四级轻度污染,气溶胶光学厚度高值区由京津冀南部的邯郸-邢台西部山前推至北部燕山前. 3月10日该区域转以弱偏北风为主,湿度明显升高,京津冀南部形成污染辐合,污染重心南移至邯郸-邢台东部;午后,北京转偏东风,空气质量由东向西递次转好.从激光雷达垂直观测结果看,重污染期间北京地区污染层主要出现在1 000 m以下.近地面800 m以下,1 200～1 500 m多次出现双逆温层,且逆温强度高达4～7℃,非常不利于污染物垂直扩散.由此可见,在区域能源消耗和污染排放量依旧很大的背景下,一旦气象条件转差,很容易形成区域性重污染.     

碘代X射线造影剂的环境浓度、分析方法与毒性评估研究进展

碘代X射线造影剂(ICMs)是使用最广泛的血管内药物,近年来在水生环境中频繁检出.由于其高稳定性、高极性和持久性,ICMs会在水生环境中持续存在并且难以被降解.在水生环境中会与消毒剂、天然有机物结合生成具有毒性的消毒副产物(DBPs),由于其本身毒性以及转化产物DBPs的毒性增强了环境健康风险,进而引发了人们的密切关注.本文介绍了ICMs的环境浓度、分析方法以及毒性风险.重点描述了ICMs的前处理技术、检测方法及ICMs毒性评价现状,并展望了以后ICMs毒性的研究方向.     

污水再生利用微生物控制标准及其制定方法探讨

污水再生利用的关键是水质安全保障和风险控制.微生物风险是再生水安全利用过程中需要优先控制的重要问题.本文系统探讨了我国现行污水再生利用标准中的病原微生物控制要求,分析了基于病原微生物指示指标浓度控制的必要性与不足,提出了引入微生物去除能力保障控制的必要性,并详细介绍了其制定方法与保障措施.今后,需进一步深入探讨基于浓度控制与保障能力控制相结合的污水再生利用微生物控制方法,以期为我国再生水安全利用提供技术支撑.     

大气污染防治综合决策支持技术平台典型城市应用研究

以典型城市济南市为研究对象,利用大气污染防治综合决策支持技术平台(简称“技术平台”)综合评估了济南市《2018年大气污染治理“十大措施”实施方案》(简称“‘十大措施’”)的实施效果,并进一步基于特定空气质量目标〔济南市2018年ρ(PM_2.5)、ρ(O₃)同比2017年分别下降20%、8%〕开展大气污染防治策略寻优及费效评估.结果表明:①“十大措施”实施后,SO₂、NO_x、VOCs、一次PM_2.5减排率分别为39%、24%、42%、41%,该情景在2017基准年气象条件下可使济南市2018年ρ(PM_2.5)同比下降19%,新增治污成本约4.70×108元,效益-成本比约1.40;单位减排成本最低的本地扬尘源减排对ρ(PM_2.5)下降的贡献率最大,建议济南市下一阶段应进一步强化扬尘源减排.②经过策略寻优,反算得到了SO₂、NO_x、VOCs、一次PM_2.5的减排率分别为46%、20%、42%、60%的优化策略,该策略下的新增治污成本约4.69×108元;对比“十大措施”,优化策略提高了SO₂和一次PM_2.5的减排率,降低对O₃具有负贡献的NO_x减排率,满足空气质量目标的同时又尽可能地降低了治污成本,将效益-成本比提升至1.88.技术平台在济南市的初步成功应用,为济南市下一阶段的大气污染防治提供基于实证的科学依据;同时对其在我国城市逐步推广具有重要示范意义,可有效支撑大气污染防治综合科学决策制定.      

基于速率累加算法的地磁谐波振幅比异常分析

随着观测数据的积累和地磁谐波振幅比方法的推广,近些年积累了丰富的地磁谐波振幅比异常震例,但地磁谐波振幅比异常的识别困难,而"形变速率累加方法"对异常数据进行积分计算,更加易于异常的判定和异常指标的提取。基于此,使用2013年1月至2017年12月临汾台、湟源台和成都台地磁分钟值数据,计算得到各台地磁谐波振幅比南北向和东西向6个周期共计12条时间序列变化曲线,再运用速率累加方法对地磁谐波振幅比南北向和东西向各周期的计算结果进行二次计算,得到6条各周期的速率累加时序变化曲线。研究结果表明:①临汾台、湟源台和成都台三个台站地磁谐波振幅比速率累加方法计算结果分别在2016年山西运城4.4级地震、2016年青海门源6.4级地震和2017年四川九寨沟7.0级地震前出现异常,其异常表现为:6条速率累加曲线(6个周期)至少有2条出现超过1年以上的持续下降或水平波动变化(持续上升变化为正常);②速率累加方法使得地磁谐波振幅比异常更易识别、异常特征的统计更加准确,且与原有的地磁谐波振幅比异常判别结果基本一致。