Ag改性石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)可见光辅助活化过一硫酸盐降解罗丹明B

采用煅烧法和光还原法制备出具有高活性的Ag/g-C₃N₄催化剂,并将其应用于可见光下活化过一硫酸盐（PMS）降解罗丹明B（RhB）废水.系统研究了实际因素RhB浓度、催化剂投加量、PMS剂量、pH值和可溶性无机阴离子对RhB降解效果的影响.结果表明,RhB的降解率随着催化剂投加量、PMS浓度的增加而增大,随着初始RhB浓度的增加而减小.弱酸性条件有利于反应活化PMS降解RhB,而中性或碱性条件都会减缓催化反应的进行.Ag/g-C₃N₄-2/Vis/PMS催化体系30 min内对RhB的去除率最高可达93.2%,分别是Ag/g-C₃N₄/Vis和单独PMS催化体系的4.0和3.7倍.体系催化活性的提高归因于Ag的表面等离子共振效应及基于硫酸根自由基的高级氧化技术与光催化技术的协同作用.不同阴离子对催化反应的影响不同,溶液中的Cl^-会对反应产生轻微的抑制作用,而H₂PO₄^-和HCO₃^-的出现大大抑制了催化性能.催化剂具有良好的稳定性,5次循环后仍能在30 min之内降解77.4%的RhB.此外,捕获实验和ESR测试结果表明,Ag/g-C₃N₄-2/Vis/PMS催化体系中存在·O₂^-、h⁺、¹O₂、SO₄^-·和·OH活性物种,并协同降解RhB污染物.     

Inconsistent seasonal variation of antibiotics between surface water and groundwater in the Jianghan Plain: Risks and linkage to land uses

Antibiotics are widely used in humans and animals, but their transformation from surface water to groundwater and the impact of land uses on them remain unclear. In this study, 14 antibiotics were systematically surveyed in a complex agricultural area in Central China. Results indicated that the selected antibiotic concentrations in surface waters were higher in winter (average: 32.7 ng/L) than in summer (average: 17.9 ng/L), while the seasonal variation in groundwaters showed an opposite trend (2.2 ng/L in dry winter vs. 8.0 ng/L in summer). Macrolides were the predominant antibiotics in this area, with a detected frequency of over 90%. A significant correlation between surface water and groundwater antibiotics was only observed in winter (R² = 0.58). This study further confirmed the impact of land uses on these contaminants, with optimal buffer radii of 2500 m in winter and 500 m in summer. Risk assessment indicated that clarithromycin posed high risks in this area. Overall, this study identified the spatiotemporal variability of antibiotics in a typical agricultural area in Central China and revealed the impact of land uses on antibiotic pollution in aquatic environments.     

近25年来我国海岸线开发强度变化研究

海岸线资源作为社会经济发展与城市扩张的重要空间基础,成为沿海城市社会经济发展的最重要因素。本文基于1990年、2000年、2010年和2015年4个时期的遥感影像提取岸线数据,计算25年来我国大陆海岸线开发强度变化量及年均变化速度,研究其时空演变规律,得出以下结论:（1）我国海岸线开发强度变化速度保持增长趋势,空间分布上以长江入海口为分界线,北方沿海城市普遍高于南方,时空演变形态呈现"三期"和"两型"两种特征;（2）重度开发岸线多分布于山东、辽宁和浙江三省,而天津、江苏和上海范围内其所占本省已开发利用岸线总长度的比例较大,均大于70%;（3）近25年来,我国大陆海岸线开发强度指数,以上海市为分界线,北方沿海城市指数全部高于0.6,均高于南方。     

混合营养方式下Cr（Ⅵ）胁迫对微藻生长和养分去除的影响

由于传统畜禽养殖废水处理方式存在不足,基于微藻的水污染控制技术受到越来越多的关注.以斜生栅藻为研究对象,探究了在混合 营养方式下,六价铬（Cr₂O₇^2-,0~4.0 mg·L^-1）胁迫对微藻生长及有机物（COD）、氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）和总磷（TP）去除的影响.结果表明：Cr（Ⅵ）对斜生栅藻的半数抑制浓度（EC50）为1.7 mg·L^-1 ,当Cr（Ⅵ）浓度较低（0.5 mg·L^-1）、暴露时间较短（≤36 h）时,斜生栅藻的生长和养分去除几乎不受 影响;此外,Cr（Ⅵ）胁迫对斜生栅藻生物量和氮、磷的去除影响较大,对COD的去除影响较小.当Cr（Ⅵ）浓度为4.0 mg·L^-1时,微藻生物质产率降低了82.5%,叶绿素含量降低了62.5%,COD、NH₄⁺-N和TP的去除率分别降低了27.3%、48.0%和38.6%;斜生栅藻细胞表面的羟基、氨基和 羧基有利于缓解Cr（VI）对藻细胞的毒害作用,0~4.0 mg·L^-1 Cr（Ⅵ）作用下,96 h藻细胞内的铬积累量为0.9~3.8 mg·g^-1.     

典型石化企业排放空气质量影响模拟研究

基于惠州市大亚湾区2017年大气污染源排放清单,利用WRF-CMAQ模型系统量化评估了大亚湾区某典型石化企业在关停和增产排放情景下对周边空气质量的影响.清单结果显示该企业2017年SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、CO和VOCs的排放量分别为212 、1744 、455 、359 、1458 和6446 t,在严格落实等量替代及减排措施后,该石化企业虽然产能翻倍,但VOCs排放量同比2017年显著减少了30%,其它污染物排放量增加了6%~19%.模拟结果显示2017年该石化企业排放对大亚湾区NO₂、PM₁₀、PM_2.5和O₃的浓度贡献分别为0.91、0.64、0.54和-0.08 μg·m^-3,完全关闭该企业排放后对周边站点NO₂改善效果最大（可使邻近管委会子站NO₂浓度下降1.24 μg·m^-3,下降百分比为5.10%）,但由于NO的滴定效应,该企业NO_x减排对周边管委会子站和霞涌子站的O₃浓度均有轻微负贡献;该石化企业的增产改造对周边O₃浓度降低影响明显,周边站点中O₃浓度最高可下降2.45 μg·m^-3（下降幅度为1.72%）,大亚湾区O₃浓度整体也可下降1.45 μg·m^-3.此外,受秋冬季不利扩散条件以及主导上风向污染传输影响,该企业在1月和10月对管委会子站NO₂、PM₁₀和PM_2.5的浓度贡献较大,由于冬季低温导致光化学反应自由基活性降低,该企业在1月对管委会子站O₃浓度负贡献显著.     

澳大利亚污水处理与再生水利用现状分析及经验

对澳大利亚水资源赋存现状、污水处理和再生水利用的历史与现状进行了详细整理与分析,梳理了澳大利亚污水处理与再生水利用发展历程、相关标准、政策和法律法规以及再生水利用典型案例。该经验可为我国开展再生水循环利用研究和工程实践提供重要指导和技术支撑。借鉴澳大利亚水回用技术与管理方法,我国可进一步发展污水再生深度处理技术与工艺,提高再生水生产品质,拓展再生水利用途径,通过浓度控制与处理工艺要求相结合提升再生水水质安全保障能力,建立健全污水资源化利用技术和管理标准体系。     

一种考虑环境因素的自动步枪可靠性分析方法

目的 分析环境因素对于自动步枪系统可靠性的影响。方法 首先介绍贝叶斯网络理论,然后将自动步枪系统可靠性建模划分为刚性抛壳机构和弹匣供弹机构两大模块。在此基础上,从设计制造、使用因素和环境因素3个方面进行故障树建模。将故障树转化为贝叶斯模型后,基于给出的底事件失效概率和引入的环境影响因子,计算考虑环境因素带来的共因失效效应时自动步枪系统的可靠度。结果 从系统层面来看,环境因素的影响会使系统的可靠度下降8.1%。结论 在进行自动步枪的系统可靠性分析时,考虑由环境因素带来的共因失效效应更为符合实际情况,不考虑共因失效效应时,往往会高估子系统的可靠度。     

Effect of cadmium on cytogenetic toxicity in hairy roots of Wedelia trilobata L. and their alleviation by exogenous CaCl2

Effects of cadmium (Cd) alone and in combination with calcium on mitosis and chromosomal aberration in the hairy root tips of Wedelia trilobata were investigated. The results showed that Cd concentrations below 50 μmol/L had a lesser or even a promoting effect on the mitotic index (MI) and the rate of chromosomal aberration in hairy root tips, while those higher than 100 μmol/L significantly decreased the MI and gradually stimulated the rate of chromosomal aberrations with prolonged time and increasing concentrations of Cd. Concentrations of 50 μmol/L Cd mainly induced C-mitosis, while more than 100 μmol/L Cd mainly caused chromosome breakage and chromosome adhesion in hairy root tip cells. When cultured with 300 μmol/L Cd, micronuclei were only observed in the interphase, middle, and late phase of hairy root tip cells. Compared with untreated controls, exogenous calcium had an alleviating effect on Cd-induced cytotoxicity by effectively enhancing the MI and reducing the rate of chromosomal aberration in root tip cells. The results presented here provide evidence that W. trilobata hairy roots with rapid autonomous growth could be used as a sensitive tool for monitoring and evaluation of Cd pollution in the environment.     

PFAS Experts Symposium: Statements on regulatory policy,chemistry and analytics,toxicology, transport/fate,and remediation for per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination issues

Sixty leading members of the scientific, engineering, regulatory, and legal communities assembled for the PFAS Experts Symposium in Arlington, Virginia on May 20 and 21, 2019 to discuss issues related to per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) based on the quickly evolving developments of PFAS regulations, chemistry and analytics, transport and fate concepts, toxicology, and remediation technologies.  The Symposium created a venue for experts with various specialized skills to provide opinions and trade perspectives on existing and new approaches to PFAS assessment and remediation in light of lessons learned managing other contaminants encountered over the past four decades. The following summarizes several consensus points developed as an outcome of the Symposium:

• Regulatory and policy issues: The response by many states and the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to media exposure and public pressure related to PFAS contamination is to relatively quickly initiate programs to regulate PFAS sites. This includes the USEPA establishing relatively low lifetime health advisory levels for PFAS in drinking water and even more stringent guidance and standards in several states. In addition, if PFAS are designated as hazardous substances at the federal level, as proposed by several Congressional bills, there could be wide‐reaching effects including listing of new Superfund sites solely for PFAS, application of stringent state standards, additional characterization and remediation at existing sites, reopening of closed sites, and cost renegotiation among PRPs.
• Chemistry and analytics: PFAS analysis is confounded by the lack of regulatory‐approved methods for most PFAS in water and all PFAS in solid media and air, interference with current water‐based analytical methods if samples contain high levels of suspended solids, and sample collection and analytical interference due to the presence of PFAS in common consumer products, sampling equipment, and laboratory materials.
• Toxicology and risk: Uncertainties remain related to human health and ecological effects for most PFAS; however, regulatory standards and guidance are being established incorporating safety factors that result in part per trillion (ppt) cleanup objectives. Given the thousands of PFAS that may be present in the environment, a more appropriate paradigm may be to develop toxicity criteria for groups of PFAS rather than individual PFAS.
• Transport and fate: The recalcitrance of many perfluoroalkyl compounds and the capability of some fluorotelomers to transform into perfluoroalkyl compounds complicate conceptual site models at many PFAS sites, particularly those involving complex mixtures, such as firefighting foams. Research is warranted to better understand the physicochemical properties and corresponding transport and fate of most PFAS, of branched and linear isomers of the same compounds, and of the interactions of PFAS with other co‐contaminants such as nonaqueous phase liquids. Many PFAS exhibit complex transport mechanisms, particularly at the air/water interface, and it is uncertain whether traditional transport principles apply to the ppt levels important to PFAS projects. Existing analytical methods are sufficient when combined with the many advances in site characterization techniques to move rapidly forward at selected sites to develop and test process‐based conceptual site models.
• Existing remediation technologies and research: Current technologies largely focus on separation (sorption, ion exchange, or sequestration). Due to diversity in PFAS properties, effective treatment will likely require treatment trains. Monitored natural attenuation will not likely involve destructive reactions, but be driven by processes such as matrix diffusion, sorption, dispersion, and dilution.

The consensus message from the Symposium participants is that PFAS present far more complex challenges to the environmental community than prior contaminants. This is because, in contrast to chlorinated solvents, PFAS are severely complicated by their mobility, persistence, toxicological uncertainties, and technical obstacles to remediation—all under the backdrop of stringent regulatory and policy developments that vary by state and will be further driven by USEPA. Concern was expressed about the time, expense, and complexity required to remediate PFAS sites and whether the challenges of PFAS warrant alternative approaches to site cleanups, including the notion that adaptive management and technical impracticability waivers may be warranted at sites with expansive PFAS plumes. A paradigm shift towards receptor protection rather than broad scale groundwater/aquifer remediation may be appropriate.