Influence of liquid- and solid-state coupling anaerobic digestion process on methane production of cow manure and rice straw

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Based on the different characteristics of cow manure and rice straw, liquid- and solid-state coupling anaerobic digestion (L-SS-AD) is designed in...     

江苏、南部下、中侏罗统的划分

江苏南部的下、中侏罗统,长期以来笼统称之为象山群。本文根据地层岩性特征和大量动植物化石的研究,结合与邻区地层之对比,将江苏南部下、中侏罗统进一步划分为下侏罗统南象山组及中侏罗统北象山组;前者为含煤地层,大致相当于原象山群下部(或下段为),后者为红色地层,大致相当于原象山群上部(或上段)。     

Assessment of current exposure levels in different population groups of the Kola Peninsula

Activity concentrations of 137Cs and 90Sr in samples of vegetation and natural food products collected in the Kola Peninsula in 1998 and 1999 indicate a very slow decrease in contamination levels during the last decade, mainly due to the physical decay of the radionuclides. The activity concentrations of 137Cs in reindeer meat decreased with a half-life of about 9 years. 137Cs in lichen, moss and fungi is significantly higher than in natural vegetation (grasses) and agricultural plants (potatoes). The activity concentrations of 137Cs in reindeer meat were two orders of magnitude higher than those in locally produced beef and pork. Consumption of reindeer meat, fish, mushrooms and berries constituted the main contribution to the internal dose from 137Cs and 90Sr for reindeer-breeders in the Lovozero area. The estimated committed doses due to 137Cs intake in this group were about 10 microSv per month in summer 1998 and 15 microSv per month in winter, 1999. There was good agreement between internal dose estimates based on intake assessment and whole body measurements. The population of Umba settlement, which is not involved in reindeer breeding, received individual committed doses due to 137Cs intake of about 0.5 microSv per month, about a factor of 20 less than the reindeer-breeders in Lovozero. In this case, the main contribution to the internal dose of the general population came from consumption the of 137Cs in mushrooms and forest berries. The contribution of 90Sr to the internal dose varied from 1% to 5% in the different population groups studied.     

环境因子对长江口潮滩沉积物中NH+4的释放影响

以长江口潮滩沉积物湿样进行模拟实验,研究盐度、pH和温度等环境因子对沉积物中NH₄+释放的影响.结果表明,随着盐度和温度的上升,沉积物中NH₄+释放量都显著增加;由于潮滩沉积物缓冲性能较好,pH的影响不太明显.此外,NH₄+的释放与沉积物类型有关,沙性物质含量高的低潮滩沉积物NH₄+的释放量明显低于沙性物质低的高、中潮滩沉积物.      

Effect of stress corrosion cracking at various strain rates on the electrochemical corrosion behavior of Mg-Zn-In-Sn alloy

This study is aimed to determine the effect of stress corrosion with low strain rates on the electrochemical properties of alloy electrode. Stress corrosion cracking tests of Mg-Zn-In-Sn alloy in 3.5 wt.% sodium chloride solutions at 25℃ were performed. The effects of the electrochemical properties under the stress corrosion with low strain rates were investigated. The microstructures of cross section were observed by optical microscope. The results showed that the ultimate tensile strengths of Mg-Zn-In-Sn alloy increased and the strain decreased as the strain rates increased. Open circuit potentials (OCP) of Mg-Zn-In-Sn alloy electrode possess stability and the loop currents (LC) were improved with the increasing of stress in the elastic zone. The variation of OCP and LC did not change with the increasing of strain-rate. The microstructure of cross section observing revealed the mechanism of OCP and LC changing.     

改造滤岸对城市降雨径流中氮磷去除的中试研究

选择煤渣、锯末、沸石、麦饭石、土壤和马尼拉草构建了城市河岸带改造滤岸中试模型,并对其去除城市降雨径流中氮磷污染物能力进行了研究.结果表明,改造滤岸对表面径流和下渗径流中NH4+-N和TP具有良好的净化效果和较强的去除能力;NH4+-N平均去除率分别为66.5％和83.7％,TP平均去除率分别为42.6％和96.2％,出水水质分别可达国家地表水Ⅳ类和Ⅲ类水标准,模型稳定后对表层径流和下渗径流中TN的去除率可达20％左右;模型对NH4+-N、TN和TP的处理负荷分别为634.1～1114.5 mg-m-2·h-1、102.2 ～594.2mg· m-2·h-1和20.6～ 209.0 mg·m-2· h-1,表面径流大于下渗径流.模型内碳源(锯末)以及其他介质的添加虽然能够提高氮的转化能力,但也会影响模型对TN的去除率;下凹断面和末端断面对氮磷的去除率和去除负荷间存在一定的差异,但随着模型的稳定其差异逐渐降低.模型对氮磷的处理负荷与入水氮磷浓度呈显著正相关,说明模型具有一定的抗冲击能力.     

2016年冬季北京地区一次重污染天气过程边界层特征

利用中国气象局地面常规观测资料、微脉冲激光雷达（MINI-MPL）、风廓线雷达资料、生态环境部大气成分等资料,对2016年12月16~21日京津冀多地污染过程的生消特征、与气象条件的关系以及边界层的结构特点进行了分析.结果表明：大气处于静稳状态,低层大气盛行偏南气流,大气湿度持续增加,加之北京三面环山不利于污染物扩散的特殊地形是造成北京此次严重空气污染的重要因素.重污染期间,污染物主要聚集在800m高度以下,严重污染时,污染物高度甚至仅有400m左右.风廓线雷达反演风场显示：2次PM_2.5浓度快速上升阶段低层伴随持续偏南风或偏东风.污染过程期间,逆温结构明显,两次污染快速发展阶段恰好出现在两次逆温最强时段.此次污染天气过程,激光雷达退偏振比总体小于0.25,反映污染主要是人类活动产生气溶胶,前期以一次排放颗粒物为主,后期以二次转化颗粒物为主.退偏振比污染过程前期呈明显日变化特征,且白天退偏比比夜间高.     

东平湖水源地水环境健康风险初步评价

为了解东平湖水环境中污染物的分布特征、来源及健康风险,于2010年12月(冬季)环湖均匀采集了33个表层水样,分析了其N、P营养盐和Hg、As的质量浓度,并应用健康风险评价模型进行初步评价.结果表明,以《地表水环境质量标准》( GB 3838-2002)Ⅲ类水标准值为评价标准,总P和Hg质量浓度的超标率分别为30.3％和48.4％.湖东区、东南区总P质量浓度较高,可能是由于大汶河的输入和底泥的二次释放;沿湖四周Hg质量浓度高于湖心区,这可能与库区燃煤和垃圾焚烧有关.As通过饮水途径产生的致癌风险平均值为2.18×10-6 a-1,高于美国国家环保局( US EPA)推荐的1.0×10-6a-1的最大可接受风险水平,超标率为77.4％;而非致癌物Hg、NH4+ -N和NO3- -N的健康风险等级为10-12～ 10-9 a-1.研究表明,东平湖水环境中致癌物As的健康风险值远大于非致癌物质,建议对As作进一步的溯源调查.