Machine learning and computational chemistry to improve biochar fertilizers: a review

Traditional fertilizers are highly inefficient, with a major loss of nutrients and associated pollution. Alternatively, biochar loaded with phosphorous is a sustainable fertilizer that improves soil structure, stores carbon in soils, and provides plant nutrients in the long run, yet most biochars are not optimal because mechanisms ruling biochar properties are poorly known. This issue can be solved by recent developments in machine learning and computational chemistry. Here we review phosphorus-loaded biochar with emphasis on computational chemistry, machine learning, organic acids, drawbacks of classical fertilizers, biochar production, phosphorus loading, and mechanisms of phosphorous release. Modeling techniques allow for deciphering the influence of individual variables on biochar, employing various supervised learning models tailored to different biochar types. Computational chemistry provides knowledge on factors that control phosphorus binding, e.g., the type of phosphorus compound, soil constituents, mineral surfaces, binding motifs, water, solution pH, and redox potential. Phosphorus release from biochar is controlled by coexisting anions, pH, adsorbent dosage, initial phosphorus concentration, and temperature. Pyrolysis temperatures below 600 °C enhance functional group retention, while temperatures below 450 °C increase plant-available phosphorus. Lower pH values promote phosphorus release, while higher pH values hinder it. Physical modifications, such as increasing surface area and pore volume, can maximize the adsorption capacity of phosphorus-loaded biochar. Furthermore, the type of organic acid affects phosphorus release, with low molecular weight organic acids being advantageous for soil utilization. Lastly, biochar-based fertilizers release nutrients 2–4 times slower than conventional fertilizers.

     

中药渣微生物强化预处理效果及产气潜力

以天冬、防己和生地混合中药渣为发酵原料,分别采用固态(TS含量20%)和湿式(TS含量5%)2种发酵工艺,对经过微生物强化预处理的实验组药渣及未经过处理的对照组药渣进行沼气发酵,在35℃条件下,研究其产气潜力。在同为固态发酵工艺时,实验组药渣,产气量为1 900 mL,对照组药渣仅产气350 mL,固态发酵中实验组及对照组产气时间主要集中在前2天;而同为湿式发酵工艺时,实验组在整个实验周期产气共持续27 d,产气量为12 810 mL,对照组持续产气12 d,产气量为3 610 mL。实验结果表明,通过微生物的强化预处理均能大幅提高混合中药渣的产气率,混合中药渣经过预处理后采用湿式发酵工艺具有较好的产气潜力,其TS产气率为:0.346 m3/kg,而对照组TS产气率只有0.097 m3/kg,而固体发酵工艺并不适用于该混合中药渣的沼气发酵。     

Mechanochemical destruction of mirex co-ground with iron and quartz in a planetary ball mill

Mechanochemical destruction (MCD) has been recognized as a promising non-combustion technology for the disposal of obsolete pesticides belonging to the persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Mirex, a termiticide ever used for many years in China, was ball milled in the presence of various reagent(s) in a planetary ball mill at room temperature to investigate the destruction efficiency. The ground samples were characterized and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, gas chromatography (GC), and ion chromatography (Martins, Bicego et al.). Under the same conditions of mill rotary rate and charge ratio, the mixture of iron powder and quartz sand (Fe/SiO₂) was found best in promoting the mirex destruction. Mirex was completed destroyed after 2 h grinding at a charge ratio of 36:1 (reagent/mirex, m/m) and a mill rotation speed of 550 rpm. No organic compound was detected by GC/μECD screening. The yield of water-soluble chlorine determined by ion chromatography (Martins, Bicego et al.) in the final residue accounted for 90.7% of chlorine in the original mirex, which indicated a nearly complete dechlorination. Signals of both graphite and amorphous carbon were found in the Raman spectra of the co-ground powder samples. With the main final degradation products of water soluble Cl and carbon, the mechanism of the mechanochemical destruction approach should be dechlorination followed by the carbonization.     

孑遗植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)迁地保护中的光合作用日变化特征与生理生态适应性

为了进一步廓清迁地保护条件下孑遗植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)的光合生理生态适应性,在分析了瞬时光合效率的基础上,应用LI-6400光合作用测定系统测定了迁地保护试验区的四合木以及原生境伴生种白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)的光合作用日变化,并测定了其生长量。结果表明:四合木实生苗的生长南北冠幅大小依次为乌海四合木核心区实生苗(26.48cm×27.26 cm)鄂尔多斯实生苗(21.27 cm×21.75 cm)阿拉善实生苗(19.25 cm×18.27 cm)。在原生境地乌海四合木核心区种植的实生苗与阿拉善实生苗之间的生长量存在显著差异(P≤0.01),与鄂尔多斯实生苗之间的生长量存在显著差异(P≤0.05)。迁地保护条件下四合木生实生苗植株叶片光合速率Pn日变化均呈"双峰"曲线。不同试验区四合木光合作用日变化(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)均表现出明显的分异。迁地保护四合木条件下原生境地栽培的四合木实生苗的光合速率鄂尔多斯栽培的四合木实生苗的光合速率阿拉善栽培的四合木实生苗。鉴此可以作进一步推论,孑遗濒危植物四合木从原生境地西鄂尔多斯核心区(乌海)东移进行迁地保护具有更高的生理生态适应性和生境适宜性。但完成"从种子到种子"进而实现"保存性和代表性",最终实现四合木迁地保护的"保持性和防止性",保持其遗传多样性和遗传稳定性,最终成功实现四合木的迁地保护仍有待作进一步探索和深入研究。     

饮食业油烟废气污染净化技术分析研究

随着国民经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高,人们对食物烹制要求越来越高.相应地,饮食业的蓬勃发展带来饮食业油烟产生量在逐渐增多,对室内、外大气环境有重要影响.饮食业油烟气对大气环境影响日益加重,对人体健康和环境危害被广泛关注.文章分析了饮食业油烟气污染形成、组成及危害,介绍了机械式净化技术、静电式、液体洗涤式、织物过滤式等油烟气净化技术的工作原理、优缺点及性能比较,并对今后的油烟净化技术的发展趋势进行了展望.     

基于IEEMD样本熵分析的管道泄漏定位

为降低城市管道泄漏定位误差,提出1种改进的集合经验模态分解（IEEMD）样本熵分析的管道多点泄漏定位方法。首先通过在EEMD中添加自相关函数计算和EMD算法,得到IEEMD;然后应用IEEMD可将原始泄漏信号直接去噪并分解为真实信号分量和冗余分量,经样本熵分析计算剔除冗余分量,获得有效泄漏信号;最后根据互相关时延计算和声发射时差定位法精确计算泄漏点位置。结果表明:该方法泄漏信号提取效果好、计算效率更高,有效提高了信号的信噪比,降低了信号的均方误差;该方法将管道泄漏定位误差降低至4.06%,较大程度提高了管道泄漏定位精确度。     

试论坚持和完善生态文明制度体系的总体要求

党的十九届四中全会明确提出了坚持和完善生态文明制度体系的总体要求。按照这一要求,只有坚持把生态文明建设摆在重要的战略地位,坚持以习近平生态文明思想为指导思想,大力践行"绿水青山就是金山银山"的科学理念,加强党的领导,严明生态环境保护责任制度,才能搞好生态文明制度建设和创新。只有坚持节约资源和保护环境的基本国策,坚持节约优先、保护优先、自然恢复为主的方针,实行最严格的生态环境保护制度,全面建立资源高效利用制度,健全生态保护和修复制度,才能搞好生态文明制度建设和创新。只有坚持生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路,坚持建设美丽中国的战略目标,才能搞好生态文明制度建设和创新。     

混凝沉淀在石油化工污水回用中的应用研究

在石油化工污水回用中，混凝沉淀是最基本的，也是极为重要的处理过程。用两项专利对混凝沉淀进行改进，使混凝沉淀效果大大提高，并具有很强的抗高浓度高浊度废水冲击的能力。另外，还对最佳停留时间和最佳投药量进行了研究。     

微氧条件下以甲烷为碳源的反硝化实验研究

为探清微氧条件下以甲烷为碳源的反硝化是甲烷好氧氧化偶联反硝化(AME-D),还是甲烷厌氧氧化偶联反硝化(ANME-D),本研究以污水处理厂厌氧污泥为接种物,在微氧条件下以甲烷为碳源进行硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐反硝化的富集培养,考察硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的反硝化速率,并对富集培养物的微生物群落和甲烷单加氧酶功能基因进行分析.结果表明:微氧条件下硝氮/亚硝氮的还原主要以AME-D过程为主,稳定阶段硝氮和亚硝氮的平均去除速率分别为3.69 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1)(以N计)和18.04 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1)(以N计),富集培养物中的优势微生物为甲基球菌科(Methylococcaceae)中的甲基单胞菌属(Methylomonas),相对含量为21.86%.