曝气浸没固定生物膜反应器处理化粪池出水

研究了以丝瓜络作为生物膜载体的曝气浸没固定生物膜反应器在处理化粪池出水时的可行性以及运行性能。结果表明,丝瓜络生物膜反应器可以在2周内成功启动;水力停留时间(HRT)对COD和氨氮的去除效果有显著影响,在水力停留时间为4 h的条件下,系统对COD和氨氮的去除率分别达到了78.5%和96.4%。另外,系统有较强抗有机污染物冲击负荷的能力,当COD和氨氮的进水浓度分别为59.3 mg/L和15.9 mg/L时,系统对有机污染物的去除效果较佳,去除率分别达到了80.0%和98.9%。     

Mo-N-TiO2光催化剂的制备、表征及其活性提高机制

以钼酸铵和氨水分别为钼源和氮源,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Mo-N-TiO2光催化剂,并对其进行了XRD、XPS和UV-visDRS表征。XRD结果表明,Mo、N共掺杂有效抑制了TiO2晶粒的生长,提高了TiO2由锐钛矿向金红石相的转变温度。UV-vis表明,Mo-N-TiO2光催化剂可见光吸收能力增强,吸收带边明显"红移",且钼酸铵添加量(相对TiO2)为0.5%的样品"红移"程度最大,最大吸收带边为550 nm。XPS分析结果表明,Mo取代了TiO2晶格中的部分Ti4+,以Mo6+形式存在的,而N以Ti—N及N—Ti—O形式存在。以罗丹明B为模型污染物,重点考察了钼酸铵添加量与焙烧温度对Mo-N-TiO2光催剂性能的影响。结果表明,400℃焙烧下、钼酸铵添加量为0.5%的样品催化活性最好。模拟太阳光下光照120min对罗丹明B的降解率达到96.8%,是纯TiO2的2.42倍。     

粒子群优化的RBF瓦斯涌出量预测

瓦斯涌出量是煤矿瓦斯灾害的主要来源,它直接影响煤矿安全生产和经济技术指标。瓦斯涌出量的传统预测方法是将其影响因素线性化后提出的,具有一定的局限性。本文基于群体智能理论,提出了一种基于粒子群算法优化的RBF神经网络瓦斯涌出量预测模型。研究表明RBF神经网络预测精度与网络权值和RBF参数初始值有很大关系,因此本文采用粒子群算法优化RBF网络权值和其他参数,形成PSO-RBF预测模型。该模型通过计算种群粒子的适应度,确定全局最优值,寻找网络参数的最优值。实验结果表明PSO-RBF优于传统的RBF预测模型,训练速度和预测精度显著提高。     

Selected organochlorine pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in house dust in Singapore

Although the use of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been prohibited in Singapore since 1980, OCPs and PCBs still can be detected in the environment and represent a potential threat to public health. In this study, OCPs and PCBs were measured in house dust samples collected from 31 homes across the island-state of Singapore. Organochlorine pesticides, such as hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), chlordanes and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) were tested, with a range of 相似文献   

Influences of metals on kinetics of methyl tert-butyl ether biodegradation by Ochrobactrum cytisi

The influence of zinc, manganese, and nickel on the degradation of MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether), by an aerobic MTBE-degrading strain, Ochrobactrum cytisi, were investigated. The result showed that unlike previous findings, O. cytisi was able to degrade MTBE through direct metabolism when MTBE was present as the only carbon source. The degradation rate of MTBE was rapid, completed within 80 h. MTBE biodegradation by this strain was stimulated at low concentrations of Zn(2+) (1-5 mg l(-1)) and Mn(2+) (1-5 mg l(-1)) but inhibited at high concentrations of Zn(2+) (20 mg l(-1)) and Mn(2+) (20 mg l(-1)), and at low concentration of Ni(2+) (1-4 mg l(-1)). Kinetic parameters for MTBE degradation in the presence or absence of metals were obtained through nonlinear regression and a least-square minimization procedure. In all cases, a good agreement was achieved between kinetic simulations and experimental results.     

高负荷人工土层地下渗滤系统处理生活污水中试工程的研究

对传统的地下渗滤系统进行改进,采用多层过渡结构的人工土层来增大对颗粒有机物的接触氧化表面积,同时设置曝气装置保证好氧过程的氧气供应,可以大大提高污水地下处理系统的水力负荷.以中国南方典型的红壤土、河沙和砾石为填充材料,处理广州地化所小区的生活污水,水力负荷达40 cm/d,远大于类似系统.试验结果表明,改进后的系统能创造良好的好氧/厌氧环境,对污染物去除效果良好,COD、BOD5、TN、NH 4-N、TP和SS去除率分别达到了76.7%～89.1%、83.3%～92.5%、50.3%～66.1%、65.2%～79.6%、75.4%～90.1%和77.0%～91.3%,出水主要污染物达到了《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级排放标准或二级排放标准.     

"十一五"脱硫计划实施前后长三角地区的硫沉降变化

采用RAINS ASIA模型研究了"十一五"期间长三角地区实施脱硫措施前后硫沉降超临界负荷的变化.结果表明,在90%保证率下,长三角地区硫沉降的临界负荷(以S计,下同)总值为78.38万t/a;2005年该地区硫沉降的超临界负荷总值为27.98万t/a,有45.6%区域面积的硫沉降超过临界负荷;如果不实施脱硫措施,到2010年长三角地区硫沉降超临界负荷的情景将急剧恶化,硫沉降超临界负荷总值将增长18.4%,超临界负荷的区域面积将增加到48.7%;"十一五"脱硫计划如期实施后,2010年长三角地区硫沉降超临界负荷总值将在2005年的基础上下降27.4%,但仍有39.1%的区域面积超过临界负荷,须采取更严格的措施控制硫沉降量.     

生物质废弃物快速热解制取富氢气体的实验研究

采用管式炉对红松锯屑快速热解制取富氢气体进行了实验研究,分析了反应器温度、物料粒径和催化剂对热解产物组成的影响.结果表明高温能加快生物质快速热解进程,减少炭和焦油生成量,利于富氢气体的生成,800℃时气态产物比例可达56.9 wt.%,气态产物中H2体积分数由4.3%(500℃下)上升至17.2%,H2 CO体积分数达68.3%.小粒径能增大热解气态产物的比例,但对气态产物组成的影响很小,这可能与红松锯屑本身质地疏松有关.以与生物质直接混合方式添加的煅烧白云石能使热解产物中H2含量增加,但造成产气过程变缓,炭生成量增多,富氢气体总产量未能得到提高.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house dust in Singapore

The use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as flame retardants in Singapore is not strictly regulated; therefore these compounds can be readily found in furniture, electronic devices, and building materials. This study was the first of its kind to be conducted in Singapore to measure concentrations of PBDEs in house dust. Samples were collected from 31 homes in various locations across the island-state of Singapore, and a total eight PBDEs congeners were measured. PBDEs were detected in all 31 dust samples and the number of BDE congener detected per home ranged between 3 and 8. The most abundant BDE congeners found were BDE 47, 99 and 209, with a median value of 20 ng g(-1) dust, 24 ng g(-1) dust and 1000 ng g(-1) dust, respectively. BDE 209 contributed 88% to the median of all the congeners, and BDE 47 and 99 contributed 1.8% and 3.5%, respectively. Different congener profiles were observed between this and studies conducted elsewhere, which is consistent with the use of different commercial PBDE around the world. No significant correlations between PBDE dust levels and residential characteristics (number of TVs and computers, floor area or flooring material) were observed. The daily intake of PBDEs via the inhalation pathway was estimated. House dust may be regarded as the most important exposure route of PBDEs for children.     

Leaching-induced migration and compositional form change of Cu,Zn, and Cd from sludge to loess

Land utilization of sewage sludge has become one of the major issues in environmental mitigation in China. This is particularly important in the Loess Plateau of Northwest China. Sludge enriched with organic matter and nutrients might effectively help to resolve the problems of silty loess soils as evidenced by porosity defect, structural alterations and absence of fertility. After sludge flows into the loess, irrigation water contains heavy metals that leach and migrate into sludge and consequently related human health risks may occur that raise concerns; and this situation needs to be rectified. The characteristics of the vertical migration and composition form change of Cu, Zn, and Cd from composted sludge to loess, and corresponding influencing factors, were investigated by performing a soil column simulation test under the leaching treatment of a one-year irrigation water capacity. Results demonstrated that: (1) composted sludge significantly improved loess fertility, and irrigation leaching transported only a small quantity of organic matter in sludge in the plough layer; (2) although some of the Cu, Zn, and Cd in composted sludge migrated to and concentrated in the middle and upper layers of the soil column during leaching, these metals were mostly retained in the plough layer; and (3) after the leaching treatment of the one-year irrigation water capacity, the compositions of Cu, Zn, and Cd (particularly Cu and Zn) in both plough layer and loess began to stabilize with low concentrations in the exudate. These findings confirmed the applicability of composted sludge in loess regions. This study provided a new insight into the sludge reuse in alkaline soils in arid and semi-arid region.