1996~2013年长江经济带工业发展过程中的大气环境污染效应

大气污染物排放及影响因素研究,是引导区域减排实现可持续发展的重要依据。利用Tapio脱钩模型测度了1996~2013年长江经济带11个省区工业经济增长与工业废气、工业二氧化硫、工业烟粉尘3个指标之间的脱钩程度,并利用LMDI分解模型对大气污染物排放变化特征进行了影响因素分解。结果表明：（1）长江经济带11个省（市）的工业废气排放量呈持续上升的趋势,且工业废气排放量的“热”点区域主要集中在东部地区,工业二氧化硫和烟粉尘两种大气污染物排放量总体呈现“先增加后减少”的趋势,状况有所改善。（2）长江经济带工业废气排放整体经历了从扩张性负脱钩到相对脱钩发展的趋势,表明经济发展的同时带来工业废气排放的污染同步增长。经济发展效应和能源效率效应是促使工业废气排放的主要因素。（3）长江经济带的工业二氧化硫和烟粉尘排放整体上经历了从相对脱钩向绝对脱钩发展的趋势,经济发展均是造成各地区两种污染物排放量增加的主要原因,技术效应和能源效率是各地区两种污染物减排的重要影响因素。未来,在大气污染物的减排控制过程中,需加强产业结构、能源结构的调整,也需坚定依靠技术进步推动能源使用效率的提高,并且注重各省市间的减排差异和防范污染产业的区域转移。关键词： 长江经济带;经济增长;大气环境;脱钩分析模型;LMDI分解模型     

有色冶金区土壤-蔬菜系统重金属污染特征及健康风险分析

采用对应采样方法研究大冶有色冶炼厂周围地区土壤、蔬菜中Cd、Cu、Pb和As的含量,并对蔬菜重金属污染状况、富集能力及健康风险进行了分析。结果表明,研究区土壤重金属污染严重,Cd、Cu、Pb和As平均含量分别达5.28、193.37、93.83和36.56 mg/kg,分别为湖北省对应元素土壤背景值的31.06、6.30、3.51和2.97倍,表现为以Cd为主的多种重金属共同污染。与《食品中污染物限量》(GB2762-2012)标准比较,蔬菜中Cd和Cu含量的样本超标率分别为68%和6%,而As、Pb的含量均不超标。蔬菜中重金属富集能力的排序为:CdCuAsPb,叶菜类蔬菜对Cd、Cu、Pb和As的富集系数均高于非叶菜类蔬菜。土壤和蔬菜重金属综合质量指数达10.07,为重度污染。研究区人群通过蔬菜摄入As、Cd的目标危险系数均大于1,存在As、Cd暴露的健康风险;成人和儿童食用蔬菜而摄入重金属的TTHQ分别为2.11~5.06和2.78~6.64,儿童比成人遭受的健康风险更大,并且距离冶炼厂越近,所遭受的健康风险越大。蔬菜中重金属的复合污染已使大冶有色冶炼厂周围居民面临潜在的健康风险。     

Solar-induced generation of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical in sewage wastewaters

Singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and hydroxyl radical (·OH) play an important role in the degradation of pollutants in surface waters. However, the mechanism underlying the photochemical generation of ¹O₂ and ·OH in wastewaters is poorly known. Here we studied the photo-induced generation of ¹O₂ and ·OH in different sewage treatment plant units. The correlation between the generation of ¹O₂ and ·OH and the water constituents was discussed. Our results show that in sewage units the ¹O₂ formation rate ranges from 2.19 × 10^?8 to 6.74 × 10^?8 mol L^?1 s^?1, and the ·OH formation rate ranges from 1.7 × 10^?11 to 3.06 × 10^?10 mol L^?1 s^?1. The average ¹O₂ formation rates in the various sewage units are similar to those in wetland and estuarine waters containing rich dissolved organic matter and 2–4 times higher than those in lake and seawater samples. The average ·OH formation rates of the sewage units are 5–50 times higher than for other water samples reported. The ·OH generation rate increased with the iron content with a correlation coefficient of 0.85, which indicates that the photo-Fenton reaction plays a dominant role in ·OH generation in sewage wastewater.     

Large eddy simulation of flow and scalar transport in a vegetated channel

Predicting flow and mass transport in vegetated regions has a broad range of applications in ecology and engineering practice. This paper presents large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent flow and scalar transport within a fully developed open-channel with submerged vegetation. To properly represent the scalar transport, an additional diffusivity was introduced within the canopy to account for the contribution of stem wakes, which were not resolved by the LES, to turbulent diffusion. The LES produced good agreement with the velocity and concentration fields measured in a flume experiment. The simulation revealed a secondary flow distributed symmetrically about the channel centerline, which differed significantly from the circulation in a bare channel. The secondary circulation accelerated the vertical spread of the plume both within and above the canopy layer. Quadrant analysis was used to identify the form and shape of canopy-scale turbulent structures within and above the vegetation canopy. Within the canopy, sweep events contributed more to momentum transfer than ejection events, whereas the opposite occurred above the canopy. The coherent structures were similar to those observed in terrestrial canopies, but smaller in scale due to the constraint of the water surface.     

Occurrence and human dietary assessment of sulfonamide antibiotics in cultured fish around Tai Lake,China

As the most important fishery medicines, sulfonamides are widely used to prevent diseases caused by pathogens in aquaculture. However, relatively little is known about the residues and dietary risks associated with cultured fish around Tai Lake. In the present study, a sampling strategy for a complete aquaculture period was conducted. Specifically, 12 selected sulfonamide antibiotics were measured among 116 fish samples recruited from four sampling periods, four species, four areas, and 18 fish ponds. All 12 antibiotics were detected at detection frequencies of 4.31–28.45%. Total sulfonamides were detected in 77.59% of the fish samples, with 57.76% of fish samples containing from 0.1 to 10 μg kg^?1. Sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), sulfamethazine (SDD), and sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) were the main types of antibiotics used, and these were present at high concentrations (>100 μg kg^?1) with high occurrences, especially in the middle of the aquaculture season. Dietary assessment showed that residual antibiotics in all fish that were being sent to market were far below the maximum residue limit (MRL) of total sulfonamides and that there was almost no risk associated with fish consumption. The results of the present study will facilitate development of effective measures to produce safe aquatic products and meaningful suggestions for consuming aquatic products.     

CdSe量子点的合成及其在重金属离子检测中的应用

以3-巯基丙酸（3-MPA）为修饰剂合成了水溶性CdSe量子点,优化了合成条件,并以其为荧光探针建立了水样中Pb²⁺和Hg²⁺的检测方法。实验结果表明：在n（Se）∶n（Cd²⁺）为1∶6、n（Se）∶n（NaBH₄）为1∶3、n（Cd²⁺）∶n（3-MPA）为1∶6、反应pH为11、回流温度为100 ℃、回流时间为60 min的优化条件下合成的量子点荧光性能较优;量子点的荧光猝灭强度与Pb²⁺或Hg²⁺的质量浓度呈良好的线性关系,线性范围分别为0.005~10 mg/L和0.001~1 mg/L,检出限分别为0.003 mg/L和0.001 mg/L,相对标准偏差分别为1.23%和1.29%,可应用于实际水样中Pb²⁺和Hg²⁺的检测。     

洪湖湿地植物多样性与保护对策

在气候变化和人类活动多重因素影响下,自20世纪50年代以来洪湖湿地的生态环境发生了深刻变化.依据多年监测结果,分析了洪湖湿地植物多样性和植被现状,认为湖滨带过度开发、江湖阻隔、旱涝频发、水体富营养化、入侵种泛滥等可能是影响洪湖湿地植物多样性保护的突出问题,就此提出了"退垸还湿"恢复滨岸带湿地、实施水系连通和水资源优化调控、改善水质和积极控制入侵种等对策建议.同时认为,长江中下游河湖水网的自然水文联系是维持区域水生植物多样性的重要基础,应注重域内河湖湿地恢复、提高流域内大小河湖湿地的植物多样性、恢复自然水文过程和水系联系、形成多样性保护的河湖网,才能为流域湿地植物多样性维持奠定基础.     

一种基于微分的改进电压跌落检测算法研究

电压检测算法是动态电压恢复器(Dynamic Voltage Regulator,DVR)关键技术之一,但其响应能力和补偿精度无法同时兼顾的问题制约了 DVR 的发展与应用。为了达到改善该问题对 DVR 的影响的目的,通过深入分析基于瞬时无功理论的 dq0 检测法和单相瞬时电压的 dq0检测法,并引入了微分提取直流分量法,得到一种基于微分的改进电压跌落检测算法。Matlab 仿真结果表明:此算法不仅能够提高响应速度,还大大改善了检测的精度。     

架空输电线路温度和最大允许载流量计算

针对传统方法不能有效求解架空输电线路温度和允许载流量的不足,提出了一种基于有限元技术求解输电导线径向温度和最大允许载流量的方法。建立了输电导线温度场的数学模型和JL/LB1A-300/50型钢芯铝绞线输电导线有限元模型,并通过有限元ANSYS软件对该模型在不同环境条件下进行仿真计算,验证了输电导线存在径向温度差,以及径向温度分布受输电线路载流量、空气对流散热、光照强度以及风速等条件的共同影响。结果表明:该方法能够有效求得在不同气象环境条件下输电导线的径向温度值和最大允许载流量,有利于提高输电线路运行安全稳定性,实现输电线路动态增容,提高线路输电能力。     

掺铁TiO2对庚烷气相光催化活性的研究

以乙酰丙酮铁和钛酸四丁酯为前驱体,制备掺铁TiO2复合光催化剂,以光催化降解正庚烷为反应模型,测定掺铁对TiO2光催化剂的结构、光吸收和光催化活性的影响．XRD的表征结果显示,焙烧温度升高,锐钛矿型TiO2转化成金红石型,且在700℃下有铁板钛矿生成;UV-Vis的结果表明,TiO2掺铁后增强了在可见光区的吸收,并且随着含铁量的增大,红移增大,提高了对可见光的利用率．相同掺铁量(Fe／Ti=0．07)下,500℃焙烧的光催化剂对庚烷的光催化降解活性最高,300℃次之,700℃最差．相同焙烧温度下,掺铁量在0．007-0．07范围内,光催化活性随掺杂量的增大而下降．