Sulfur-driven methylmercury production in paddies continues following soil oxidation

Methylmercury (MeHg) production in paddy soils and its accumulation in rice raise global concerns since rice consumption has been identified as an important pathway of human exposure to MeHg. Sulfur (S) amendment via fertilization has been reported to facilitate Hg methylation in paddy soils under anaerobic conditions, while the dynamic of S-amendment induced MeHg production in soils with increasing redox potential remains unclear. This critical gap hinders a comprehensive understanding of Hg biogeochemistry in rice paddy system which is characterized by the fluctuation of redox potential. Here, we conducted soil incubation experiments to explore MeHg production in slow-oxidizing paddy soils amended with different species of S and doses of sulfate. Results show that the elevated redox potential (1) increased MeHg concentrations by 10.9%−35.2%, which were mainly attributed to the re-oxidation of other S species to sulfate and thus the elevated abundance of sulfate-reducing bacteria, and (2) increased MeHg phytoavailability by up to 75% due to the reductions in acid volatile sulfide (AVS) that strongly binds MeHg in soils. Results obtained from this study call for attention to the increased MeHg production and phytoavailability in paddy soils under elevated redox potentials due to water management, which might aggravate the MeHg production induced by S fertilization and thus enhance MeHg accumulation in rice.     

Formation of regulated and unregulated disinfection byproducts during chlorination and chloramination: Roles of dissolved organic matter type, bromide, and iodide

Algal blooms and wastewater effluents can introduce algal organic matter (AOM) and effluent organic matter (EfOM) into surface waters, respectively. In this study, the impact of bromide and iodide on the formation of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorination and chloramination from various types of dissolved organic matter (DOM, e.g., natural organic matter (NOM), AOM, and EfOM) were investigated based on the data collected from literature. In general, higher formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) was observed in NOM than AOM and EfOM, indicating high reactivities of phenolic moieties with both chlorine and monochloramine. The formation of haloacetaldehydes (HALs), haloacetonitriles (HANs) and haloacetamides (HAMs) was much lower than THMs and HAAs. Increasing initial bromide concentrations increased the formation of THMs, HAAs, HANs, and HAMs, but not HALs. Bromine substitution factor (BSF) values of DBPs formed in chlorination decreased as specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) increased. AOM favored the formation of iodinated THMs (I-THMs) during chloramination using preformed chloramines and chlorination-chloramination processes. Increasing prechlorination time can reduce the I-THM concentrations because of the conversion of iodide to iodate, but this increased the formation of chlorinated and brominated DBPs. In an analogous way, iodine substitution factor (ISF) values of I-THMs formed in chloramination decreased as SUVA values of DOM increased. Compared to chlorination, the formation of noniodinated DBPs is low in chloramination.     

磷酸盐对硫化亚铁(FeS)吸附Sb(Ⅲ)的影响机理研究

还原环境(如湖泊、海洋沉积物)中,FeS是重金属的重要载体。在富营养化过程中,磷酸盐可能对重金属在FeS上的吸附行为产生重要影响。本文通过不同pH、磷酸盐浓度的批次试验,结合X射线衍射仪(XRD)和场发射透射电子电镜-能谱仪(TEM-EDS)固体分析手段,进行磷酸盐对FeS吸附Sb(Ⅲ)的影响研究。结果表明:酸性和中性条件下,磷酸盐会与FeS溶解释放的Fe(Ⅱ)反应生成磷酸亚铁沉淀,促进FeS溶解,同时释放出更多的H₂S(aq)/HS^-与Sb(Ⅲ)结合形成Sb₂S₃沉淀,从而促进溶液中Sb(Ⅲ)的吸附。碱性条件下,FeS对Sb(Ⅲ)只有吸附作用,而磷酸盐会占据FeS表面部分的吸附位点,与Sb(Ⅲ)形成竞争关系,进而抑制溶液中Sb(Ⅲ)的吸附。     

热-力循环载荷下身管镀层裂纹扩展规律研究

目的研究身管镀层裂纹的扩展机理,提高身管寿命。方法针对身管镀层裂纹损伤,提出一种基于扩展有限元方法(XFEM)结合内聚力模型(CZM)的方法。建立热–力耦合的镀层身管有限元模型,通过间接耦合的方式,将温度场导入有限元模型,通过CZM本构模型来模拟其损伤失效行为。对镀层初始裂纹在热–力载荷下扩展到镀层/基体界面的情况进行仿真分析。结果在高温高压环境下,镀层初始裂纹扩展速度很快,在第1发射击完成后便扩展到基体结合面,初始裂纹扩展到镀层/基体界面时,裂纹尖端的存在使局部具有较大切应力,达到1180 MPa。在连续射击工况下,造成镀层结合面的开裂。结论在高温高压载荷下,镀层初始裂纹很快扩展到镀层/基体界面,且身管镀层承受的热应力是导致镀层开裂的重要因素。     

低温下磁性载体MBBR系统微生物群落特征和功能预测分析

为阐明低温下磁性载体对移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)处理能力的影响,探究了反应器内生物膜的微生物多样性、群落结构、功能特征和氮代谢通路.结果表明,与商用载体反应器(对照组)相比,磁性载体反应器具有更高的污染物去除率,其对NH⁺₄-N和TN的平均去除率分别提高了16.2%和12.1%.Illumina高通量测序结果显示,磁性载体生物膜的微生物多样性和丰富度更高.由于不同微生物的磁化率不同,导致两种载体生物膜微生物群落结构存在显著差异.磁性载体生物膜中硝化菌属(如：Nitrosomonas、Nitrospira)和反硝化菌属(如：Sphaerotilus、Zoogloea)的相对丰度显著增多.PICRUSt2功能预测分析显示,磁性载体生物膜的整体基因功能表达水平更高,在信号传导机制和细胞内运输、分泌和囊泡运输等方面优势更明显.此外,大多数与氮代谢相关基因在磁性载体生物膜中丰度更高,如涉及硝化过程的基因amo、hao和反硝化过程基因nap、nor等,使得生物膜的低温脱氮潜力增强.以上结果从微观生物学角度更好地解释了反应器处理能力的差异,为磁性载体强...     

重庆市经济与环境协调发展水平研究

为进一步提高重庆市的经济与环境协调发展水平,本文以重庆市为例,利用熵值法确定指标权重并建立经济与环境协调发展模型,通过计算,分析评价重庆市2002年~2011年十年间的经济与环境协调发展度历程;结果表明:(1)2002年~2011年,重庆市经济发展水平呈上升趋势,环境发展水平虽然有一定波动,但总体上呈上升趋势;(2)2002年~2011年,重庆市经济与环境协调发展水平已经由"勉强"经"初级"达到"中级"水平。因此,坚持经济与环境协调发展是实现其全面协调可持续发展的根本途径。     

排板式介质阻挡放电等离子体降解苯的研究

考察了自制排板式等离子发生器对不同进气条件(进气浓度、进气流量和进气湿度)下含苯气的降解效果。结果表明,苯降解率随进气浓度和进气流量的提高而降低,但在高进气浓度和高进气流量下,苯降解率仍保持在50%以上。苯降解率在进气湿度约30%时达到最大值,过低和过高的进气湿度都不利于苯的降解。采用多级串联可提高等离子发生器对高进气浓度和高进气流量的适应能力,4级串联较单级时的苯降解率最高可提高39%。排板式等离子体发生器可作为未来等离子体发生器工业化的重点研发对象。     

洛阳盆地浅层地下水化学特征及其演化特征分析

在系统采集并分析洛阳盆地浅层地下水样品的基础上,综合描述性统计、相关性分析、运用Piper三线图、Gibbs模型以及离子比例系数等方法,对洛阳盆地浅层地下水化学特征及其形成机理进行了分析和探讨。结果表明:HCO~-_3和Ca~(2+)分别是研究区浅层地下水中优势的阴、阳离子;HCO_3-Ca和HCO_3-Ca·Mg型为主要地下水化学类型;浅层地下水TDS和总硬度的平均浓度相对较低,平均值分别为450.5 mg/L和329.3 mg/L。本区浅层地下水化学特征的形成主要受到岩石风化作用的影响,地下水水质成分主要来自于碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩等矿物的长期风化溶解。同时,逆向阳离子交换作用也在一定程度上影响着浅层地下水化学的形成。     

三峡库区澎溪河流域消落带土壤有机磷生物有效性研究

选取了澎溪河流域六个点位消落带土壤和岸边土壤,以NaOH-EDTA提取土壤中有机磷,并采用酶水解技术表征有机磷生物有效性。结果表明：①消落带土壤NaOH-EDTA提取液中总磷含量为74.55～140.54 mg/kg,无机磷含量为49.91～104.23 mg/kg,有机磷含量为14.61～36.31 mg/kg。消落带土壤有机磷含量低于岸边土壤。②消落带土壤有机磷中总可酶解有机磷（EHP）含量均值为6.23 mg/kg,占土壤有机磷含量的26.7%。消落带土壤EHP含量与有机磷含量呈极显著正相关（n=6,p<0.01）。③消落带土壤EHP含量、活性单酯磷含量与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关（n=6,p<0.01）,土壤有机质含量是影响有机磷生物有效性的重要因素。④消落带土壤与岸边土壤EHP组分特征相同,含量由高到低依次为类植酸磷、活性单酯磷、二酯磷,但消落带土壤EHP含量显著低于岸边土壤。周期性的干湿交替会造成消落带土壤有机磷向库区水体释放,消落带土壤有机磷地球化学循环对库区水体的潜在影响不容忽视。     

石漠化地区野生多花木蓝根瘤资源调查与分析

为充分发挥豆科植物在生态恢复与重建中的作用,调查了贵州省境内石漠化部分地区的野生多花木蓝根瘤资源.结果表明：隶属于干热河谷南亚热带季雨林生态区的野生多花木蓝根瘤菌及内生细菌资源较为丰富;野生多花木蓝的共生结瘤率只达50%左右,根瘤全部着生于寄主的侧根及须根上,大小可达0.5~3.0mm;12株根瘤菌分布在6个属10个种,其中慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium）的分布频率最高41.67%,慢生根瘤菌属的B.japonicum和伯克霍尔德菌属Burkholderia bacterium的发生频率最高16.67%;16株根瘤内生细菌分布在4个属11个种,其中芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）的分布频率最高43.75%,芽孢杆菌属的B.megaterium的发生频率最高31.25%.