Separation and characterization of magnetic fractions from waste-to-energy bottom ash with an emphasis on the leachability of heavy metals

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Magnetic fractions were extracted from pulverized waste-to-energy (WTE) bottom ashes using a combined wet-dry extraction method. The resulting...     

对建立广西生态补偿机制的探讨

广西地处生态脆弱和敏感地区,经济发展相对落后,生态环境与经济发展平衡问题亟须解决。从广西生态补偿实践来看,在取得成效的同时存在补偿资金少、补偿效率低和缺乏统一规范的管理等问题,基于这些问题提出了适合广西的生态补偿办法,为构建广西生态补偿机制建言献策。     

热活化过硫酸盐降解水体和土壤中氰化物的效能和机制

近年来,氰化物引发的环境问题日益受到关注,但相关研究较少.本文利用热活化过硫酸盐技术对水体和土壤中的氰化物的降解过程和机制进行了研究,以期为氰化物的去除提供依据.首先采用批式实验,探究了温度、过硫酸盐添加量和初始pH对水溶液中氰化物降解效果的影响,然后在水溶液氰化物降解实验基础上,采用模配土壤进行了土壤氰化物降解实验.水溶液氰化物降解实验的研究结果表明,过硫酸盐 添加量和温度对于氰化物的降解具有显著影响.当温度从25 ℃升高到70 ℃时,铁氰和亚铁氰的降解率分别从11.06%和17.66%升高到98.12%和97.94%.过硫酸盐添加量从0.5 g?L^-1提高至3 g?L^-1时,铁氰和亚铁氰的降解率分别从38.27%和35.82%升高到99.05%和99.66%.当 体系的初始pH值为4.5~9.0时,初始pH对于氰化物的降解影响并不明显,但当pH为强碱性时（如pH=12）,氰化物的降解效果受到显著抑制.土壤氰化物降解实验的结果表明,当活化温度为60 ℃时,铁氰和亚铁氰的降解效率均随过硫酸盐增加而升高,最高降解率分别达46.88%和56.04%.与水溶液中氰化物的降解情况进行对比,发现土壤中氰化物的降解效率远低于水溶液体系.通过探究4种共存阴离子（包括Cl^-、CO₃^2-、H₂PO₄^-、腐殖酸）对氰化物降解过程的影响,发现腐殖酸对氰化物的降解呈现显著的抑制作用,且浓度越高抑制作用越明显,这可能是影响 土壤系统中氰化物降解效率重要原因.本研究通过自由基淬灭实验及氰化物降解产物分析试验证实热激发过硫酸盐产生的SO₄^.-和HO^.对氰化物降解起重要作用,将各种金属-氰络合物最终降解为NO₃^-和CO₂等终产物.     

三峡库区次级河流中有机锡污染物浓度及形态分布规律

以三峡库区次级河流大宁河和小江回水区为研究区域,于2013年5月采集地表水样,采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(SPME-GC-MS)方法测定水样中丁基锡和苯基锡浓度,分析该时期库区支流水环境中有机锡污染情况.研究结果表明:该时期大宁河和小江表层水体同时检测到内分泌干扰物三丁基锡(TBT)、三苯基锡(TPh T)及它们的降解产物一丁基锡(MBT)、二丁基锡(DBT)和一苯基锡(MPh T)、二苯基锡(DPh T).大宁河和小江苯基锡污染均以MPh T为主,但大宁河丁基锡污染以MBT为主,小江丁基锡污染以MBT和DBT为主.除大昌监测点有新近的TBT输入外,大宁河和小江水体中的TBT和TPh T输入均有一段时间,且发生了明显的降解.     

黄河宁蒙河段节能减排的形势与对策

针对当前黄河宁蒙河段节能减排的现状,分析了黄河宁蒙河段节能减排存在的主要问题,并提出了相应的解决对策。     

Impacts of natural weathering on the transformation/neoformation processes in landfilled MSWI bottom ash: a geoenvironmental perspective

Natural weathering processes are significant mechanisms that noticeably affect the fundamental nature of incineration ash residues. To provide a greater understanding of these processes, a MSWI (mono)landfill site in the north east of the US was selected as the target for systematic investigation of the natural weathering of bottom ash residues. Samples of various ages were collected from locations A (1 yr), B (10 yrs), C (13-14 yrs) and D (20 yrs) of the landfill in 2009. We investigated the phase transformation of the collected bottom ash particles, neoformation processes as well as the behavior and distribution of certain heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cr) in the neoformed phases using optical microscopy, SEM-EDX, and bulk examinations. Key findings: at the preliminary stage, the waste metallic particles (Al, Fe, and Cu) and unstable minerals such as lime, portlandite, ettringite and hydrocalumite convert to oxide and hydroxide (hydrate) phases, calcite, alumina gel and gypsum. At the intermediate stage, the decomposition of melt products including magnetite spinels and metallic inclusions is triggered due to the partial dissolution of the melt glass. At the longer time horizon it is possible to track the breakdown of the glass phase, the extensive formation of calcite and anhydrite, Al-hydrates and more stable Fe-hydrates all through the older ash deposits. Among the dominant secondary phases, we propose the following order based on their direct metal uptake capacity: Fe-hydrates>Al-hydrates>calcite. Calcite was found to be the least effective phase for the direct sorption of heavy metals. Based on overall findings, a model is proposed that demonstrates the general trend of ash weathering in the landfill.     

矿化污泥生物反应器处理生活垃圾填埋场老龄渗滤液

经长时间稳定化形成的矿化污泥中,含有种类丰富和数量繁多的降解性微生物,具有处理渗滤液的潜力。建立3个矿化污泥生物反应器,即C1(粉煤灰0%),C2(粉煤灰9.1%),C3(粉煤灰16.7%),以处理垃圾填埋场老龄渗滤液。在单级矿化污泥反应器中,当进水COD和NH3-N分别约为1350和900 mg/L时,水力负荷为17.7～70.8 L/(m3.d),COD去除率可超过65%,氨氮的去除率可超过94%。粉煤灰的加入一定程度上降低了COD去除率,但有助于氨氮的去除。在二级矿化污泥生物反应器中(即C3～C1串联),水力负荷为35.4 L/(m3.d)的工况下,当COD、TOC、IC和NH3-N分别为1 500～2 500,500～900,1 200～1 600和1 200～1 450 mg/L时,出水可达到COD<300 mg/L,TOC<180 mg/L,IC<100 mg/L,NH3-N<5 mg/L。但是,矿化污泥生物反应器对渗滤液总氮的去除率较低,仅为20%左右。     

Alteration of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash focusing on the evolution of iron-rich constituents

Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash contains a considerable amount of Fe-rich constituents. The behaviors of these constituents, such as dissolution and precipitation, are quite important as they regulate the distribution of a series of ions between the liquid (percolated fluid) and solid (ash deposit) phases. This paper studied both fresh and weathered MSWI bottom ash from the mineralogical and geochemical viewpoint by utilizing optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), and powder X-ray diffraction. The analysis results revealed that for the fresh bottom ash, iron preferentially existed in the chemical forms of spinel group (mainly Fe(3)O(4), and a series of Al- or Ti- substituted varieties), metallic inclusions (including Fe-P, Fe-S, Fe-Cu-Pb), hematite (Fe(2)O(3)) and unburned iron pieces. In the 1-20 years weathered bottom ash collected from a landfill site, interconversions among these Fe-rich constituents were identified. Consequently, numerous secondary products were developed, including goethite (α-FeOOH), lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH), hematite, magnetite, wustite (FeO), Fe-Si-rich gel phase. Of all these transformation products, hydrous iron oxides were the most common secondary minerals. Quantitative chemical analysis of these secondary products by SEM/EDX disclosed a strong association between the newly formed hydrous iron oxides and heavy metals (e.g. Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cu). The results of this study suggest that the processes of natural weathering and secondary mineralization contribute to reduction of the potential risks of heavy metals to the surrounding environments.