长江经济带典型流域重化产业环境风险及对策

长江经济带工业企业密集,环境风险点多,产业结构和布局不合理造成累积性、叠加性和潜在性的生态环境问题突出,制约了其持续健康发展.根据自然资源、社会经济和产业发展特征,选择3个典型流域（区域）（即重化产业最密集、人口最密集,重化产业布局性矛盾最突出的长江湖口以下干流区域;重大调水工程下游减水河段与涉水产业重点发展的汉江流域;生态系统脆弱的喀斯特地貌区与磷矿资源开发强度高的乌江流域）进行分析,并识别流域重化产业发展可能带来的环境风险问题及其演变趋势.基于保障“清洁长江”与“安全长江”建设的总体目标,按照“守底线、优格局、提质量、保安全”的调控思路,提出长江经济带典型流域重化产业绿色发展的优化调控对策和差别化生态环境保护与环境风险防控建议,为推动长江经济带的实施精准治理提供支撑,主要包括:①长江湖口以下干流区域以保障人居环境安全为目标,以各类工业园区为抓手优化布局,提升区域环境风险防控能力建设,研究制定长江沿岸地区持久性有机污染物控制对策;②汉江流域以流域环境承载力为硬约束,从国家产业政策战略高度调整汉江中下游的产业发展战略,严格控制高耗水和水污染产业的持续发展;③乌江流域以保障下游库区水质为目标,严控喀斯特地貌区域新增磷化工产能,研究喀斯特地貌区实施磷化工产业废水特别排放限值.      

镧改性ZnO-TiO_2光催化氧化活性染料的实验研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备掺杂Zn O的Ti O2复合半导体,用X射线衍射和电镜扫描对晶体结构进行表征,最优的锌掺杂量、镧掺杂量、煅烧温度分别为3%,0.3%,500℃。以活性染料配水作为目标降解物,考察了对6种不同活性染料的光催化氧化效果。0.3%镧改性Zn O-Ti O2对活性艳蓝X-BR的色度去除率可以达到97.3%,得到最佳脱色率的条件是使用紫外光作为光源,光照时间2 h,初始质量浓度100 mg/L,p H值控制在1左右,氯离子浓度控制在1 mol/L。     

西北煤炭开发生态风险管控区划分及管理策略

为维护我国西北地区生态安全,引导煤炭资源有序开发利用,以甘肃省、青海省、新疆维吾尔自治区为研究区域,结合西北地区典型内陆河流域地下水形成特征及区域生态环境特点,选取与区域煤炭综合开发活动具有重要关联的地下水资源、生态环境等指标,利用专家打分法确定评价指标权重,构建煤炭综合开发生态风险管控评价指标体系,通过对指标体系分级结果的空间转化,划分禁止开发区、限制开发区、适度开发区3个煤炭开发的生态风险管控区.结果表明:①禁止开发区面积约131.6×104 km2,占西北三省（自治区）总面积的46%,主要分布在柴达木、塔里木、准噶尔三大盆地的盆周及周边地区,总体上呈"三环"分布,禁止开发区应禁止一切煤炭开发活动.②限制开发区1区主要分布在新疆维吾尔自治区南部地区及天山北麓以及甘肃省河西走廊的人工绿洲,煤炭开发利用过程中要兼顾保护农田、地下水,维持防风固沙功能方可进行;限制开发区2区主要分布在甘肃省酒泉地区黑河流域,新疆维吾尔自治区阿克苏地区、喀什地区及和田地区的荒漠生态系统内以及环塔里木盆地外围地区,煤炭开发利用过程中需兼顾防风固沙功能及生态系统保护方可进行.③适度开发区分布较为分散,在保护特定生态系统功能的前提下可适度开发.研究显示,需针对上述不同类型的生态风险管控区提出差别化管理要求,重点对限制开发区、适度开发区的煤炭开发提出相应的生态保护要求,提出由限制为主转向优化发展为主的管理方略.      

Rapid prenatal diagnosis of Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy 1 by combined Bionano optical mapping and karyomapping

Purpose

To explore the feasibility of performing rapid prenatal diagnoses of FSHD1 using a combination of Bianano optical mapping and linkage-based karyomapping.

Methods

DNA specimens from a family that had been previously diagnosed with FSHD1 using Southern Blot analysis were used for this study. Genetic diagnosis of the proband, fetus chorionic amniotic fluid, and aborted fetal tissue was performed using Bianano optical mapping (BOM) together with linkage-based karyomapping.

Results

BOM analysis showed that the proband's 4q35.2 region contained four D4Z4 repeats and the 4qA permissible allele, consistent with the previous FSHD1 diagnosis obtained by Southern Blotting. BOM analysis of the fetus' 4q35.2 region was consistent with that of the proband. Karyomap analysis revealed that the fetus inherited the affected chromosome segment from the proband. After genetic counseling, the couple choose termination of pregnancy, and we performed gene diagnosis of the abortus tissue by BOM.

Conclusions

Bianano optical mapping can determine the number of D4Z4 repeats and exclude interference of the 10q26.3 homologous region, and in combination with karyomapping, can be used for rapid and accurate prenatal diagnosis of FSHD1.     

中国平板玻璃生产碳排放研究

平板玻璃行业是典型的高能耗、高排放行业,目前关于中国平板玻璃行业的碳排放问题还没有得到深入的研究.因此,本文调查了中国300余条主要的平板玻璃生产线,并在此基础上从范围1(工艺过程和化石燃料燃烧引起的直接排放)和范围2(净购入电力和热力在生产阶段引起的间接排放)评估了中国平板玻璃行业从2005年到2014年的CO_2排放情况.结果发现,中国平板玻璃行业CO_2排放量逐年增加,由2005年的2626.9×10~4t逐步上升到2015年的4620.5×10~4t.研究表明:能源消耗是平板玻璃行业碳排放的最主要来源,占比在80%左右,节能降耗是促进平板玻璃行业CO_2减排的主要途径;平板玻璃生产原料中碳酸盐的热分解是CO_2的主要来源之一,占总排放量的20%左右,控制平板玻璃配合料的气体率,在减少平板玻璃生产过程中的CO_2排放有很大潜力;推荐平板玻璃新建项目使用天然气并配备大型熔窑(日熔化量650 t以上)的浮法玻璃生产线,以减少CO_2排放.     

Microalgal-bacterial granular sludge process outperformed aerobic granular sludge process in municipal wastewater treatment with less carbon dioxide emissions

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The aerobic granular sludge (AGS) process and microalgal-bacterial granular sludge (MBGS) process were comparably applied for municipal wastewater...     

高压加氢裂化装置危险性分析及预防

分析高压加氢裂化装置在目前生产工艺条件下的主要危险,结合装置安全生产实际,提出相应的预防措施。     

长江三角洲地区CO2浓度本底特征及来源分析

二氧化碳(CO₂)是引起全球变暖的最主要的温室气体(GHGs),直接观测大气CO₂浓度对于研究人类活动和自然活动对大气温室气体的贡献至关重要,而在多个高度上观测大气CO₂浓度则有助于明晰CO₂浓度的时空变化规律,确定其影响机制.本文利用临安区域大气本底站2018-12—2020-11不同高度(距地面21 m、53 m)处的CO₂在线观测数据,结合日变化及地面风的影响,对观测数据进行筛分,采用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型和潜在源贡献因子法,初步探讨气象因素以及大气远距离传输对长江三角洲地区大气CO₂浓度的影响.结果表明,临安站高低层大气CO₂日变化呈夜间高于白天的特点;低层CO₂浓度大于高层,冬季高低层浓度差小于其他三季;日较差呈夏季>春季>秋季>冬季的特点;大气CO₂本底季节变化由于受到风向和气团传输的影响呈现出冬季>春季>秋季>夏季的特点;潜在源贡献分析得...     

硫酸参与的湿热流域化学风化对河流水化学影响研究综述

河流水化学组成可以提供反映流域内岩石化学风化过程及河流离子来源等生物地球化学的信息。化学风化是全球碳循环的重要环节,湿热流域的水热条件可以促进流域岩石化学风化。硫酸和碳酸一样可以作为侵蚀介质参与流域岩石的化学风化,硫酸参与的湿热流域碳酸盐类化学风化可释放CO₂,但其参与的硅酸盐类化学风化对大气CO₂没有显著影响,故若不考虑硫酸作用将会导致对岩石化学风化作用下大气CO₂消耗通量的高估。水化学组成受到流域岩石化学风化的影响,通过对河流水化学组成和溶解无机碳（DIC）稳定同位素组成（δ¹³C）的分析可以确定河流水化学类型并揭示硫酸对流域岩石化学风化的定量影响。目前关于硫酸对河流水化学影响的研究逐渐增多,未来关于小流域尺度上硫酸对河流水化学的影响、硫酸影响下河流CO₂的脱气过程以及人类活动对河流水化学的影响等方面需要更多关注。     

Cross-boundary transport and source apportionment for PM2.5 in a typical industrial city in the Hebei Province, China: A modeling study

Cross-boundary transport of air pollution is a difficult issue in pollution control for the North China Plain. In this study, an industrial district (Shahe City) with a large glass manufacturing sector was investigated to clarify the relative contribution of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) to the city's high levels of pollution. The Nest Air Quality Prediction Model System (NAQPMS), paired with Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), was adopted and applied with a spatial resolution of 5 km. During the study period, the mean mass concentrations of PM_2.5, SO₂, and NO₂ were observed to be 132.0, 76.1, and 55.5 μg/m³, respectively. The model reproduced the variations in pollutant concentrations in Shahe at an acceptable level. The simulation of online source-tagging revealed that pollutants emitted within a 50-km radius of downtown Shahe contributed 63.4% of the city's total PM_2.5 concentration. This contribution increased to 73.9±21.2% when unfavorable meteorological conditions (high relative humidity, weak wind, and low planetary boundary layer height) were present; such conditions are more frequently associated with severe pollution (PM_2.5 ≥ 250 μg/m³). The contribution from Shahe was 52.3±21.6%. The source apportionment results showed that industry (47%), transportation (10%), power (17%), and residential (26%) sectors were the most important sources of PM_2.5 in Shahe. The glass factories (where chimney stack heights were normally < 70 m) in Shahe contributed 32.1% of the total PM_2.5 concentration in Shahe. With an increase in PM_2.5 concentration, the emissions from glass factories accumulated vertically and narrowed horizontally. At times when pollution levels were severe, the horizontally influenced area mainly covered Shahe. Furthermore, sensitivity tests indicated that reducing emissions by 20%, 40%, and 60% could lead to a decrease in the mass concentration of PM_2.5 of of 12.0%, 23.8%, and 35.5%, respectively.