危险品运输泄漏引发的河流污染事故模拟研究

针对农药运输过程中发生翻车泄漏事故造成的河流污染,结合SMS软件中的二维有限元水动力模块RMA2及美国环境保护署推出的WASP软件进行模拟研究.利用RMA2模拟水在河流系统中的物理运动,通过一定的转换规则将RMA2输出的结果转变为WASP所需要的形式,运行WASP得到污染物浓度在空间和时间上的变化规律并加以分析.模拟结果表明:在泄漏事故后不久,污染物还没有完全扩散到泄漏点对岸;在一段时间后,在横向扩散的作用下,污染物开始整个横断面上蔓延,断面横向浓度梯度不断减小,但还没有达到完全混合;断面浓度最大值开始从泄漏一侧向河流中心迁移.最后,针对研究案例提出与模拟结果相应的预警分析和应急措施.     

基于风险指数RI的选址评价在LNG储备库中的应用

研究基于风险指数RI的选址评价方法,确定评价方法的框架和程序,并将该评价方法用于某拟建LNG储备库的选址.结果表明,沸腾液体扩展蒸气爆炸在拟建LNG储备库可能发生的事故中的后果最严重.以沸腾液体扩展蒸汽爆炸的计算结果为依据,在GIS中对LNG储备库进行缓冲区分析,得到直观显示的事故影响区域和影响对象.计算拟建LNG储备库的选址风险并与可接受风险水平进行比较,确定选址的合理性且适当调整周边布局.研究表明,基于风险指数RI的选址评价方法对合理确定重大工程选址是切实可行的.     

城市地震风险整体评价方法及其应用

城市已经成为我国防震减灾的重中之重,国家越来越重视城市地震风险管理,将地震灾害管理的重点集中在城市地震风险的评估和管理工作上.通过计算预期的物理破坏、经济损失和人员伤亡,并考虑社会的脆弱性和恢复的能力等其他因素的影响,将各种因素的值进行转化,形成可以进行相加的指数,并乘以相应的权重,最终得到城市的地震风险.从地震风险管理的角度出发,引入城市地震整体风险评价法对淮南市的地震风险进行评估,并给出了提高地震防灾减灾能力的几条建议,为城市地震防灾减灾提供参考.     

地铁运行引起建筑物振动的三维有限元分析

随着城市轨道交通的迅猛发展,大量建筑设施不可避免地受到周边铁路或地铁列车振动的影响。基于并行计算集群平台,建立了车辆-轨道-高架桥-基础-地基-建筑物耦合的大型三维有限元分析模型,得到了不同工况下列车运行引起地表及临近建筑结构的振动特征。主要结论如下:不同高度的建筑物在同一楼层的振级相差极小;随着车速的提高,建筑物各楼层的振级均呈逐渐增大趋势;此外,各楼层的振级随建筑物距高架桥距离的增大而逐渐减小。一般高度的建筑物各楼层的振级基本沿高度单调增加,顶层振级最大,而高层建筑物却有明显的拐点,在中间某层出现最大振级。建筑物各层楼板的竖直向振动峰值速度远大于水平向振动峰值。     

一起钢质无缝气瓶爆炸事故技术分析

文章简要描述了一起消防气体灭火钢质气瓶爆炸事故,对爆炸气瓶进行了断口分析、金相试验和理化试验,并分析了事故的原因,提醒制造厂家规范制造工艺,对预防类似事故的发生具有一定的参考意义。     

Arsenic species in the well water and sediments of the blackfoot disease area in Taiwan

The blackfoot disease (BFD) observed in southwestern Taiwan is due to drinking high arsenic concentrations in well water. This paper presents some results concerning the distributions of arsenic species in water and sediments collected in the BFD (well, river and coastal) area and the background (lake and ocean) area for comparison. The results show that the concentrations of arsenate (870 ± 26 ug/L) and arsenite (70.2 ± 2.6 ug/ L) in well waters, and the contents of arsenic (1640 ug/g) with high percentage of easily reducible (Fe and Mn oxides, 91.7%) and exchangeable and carbonate (4.6%) phases in well sediments were much higher than those in river, lake and coastal samples. Low arsenic (3.46–31.8 ug/g) with high percentages (73.8–97.3%) of detritus and minerals phase with low percentages (0.4–9.8%) of total carbonate and exchangeable phases were found in the river and coastal samples in the BFD area as well as the lake and ocean samples in background area. It might suggest that the higher concentrations of toxic As(III) in well water and arsenic with higher values of easily reducible, carbonate and exchangeable phases in the well sediments, combined with the higher values of dissolved organic carbon, humic and fulvic acids and aromatic carbon as well as the higher fluorescence indensity in the well water are the key factors to cause the BFD in Taiwan.     

Sustainability analysis of Chinese transport policy

SUMMARY

Whilst the world economy is developed, the life and development of human beings have been threatened by the imbalance between environmental and ecological aspects. Thus, sustainability is becoming increasingly the focus of various social fields. For most developing countries, a strategy with good sustainability for social development is of long-term significance to keep the economy in expansion. This paper first reviews the conceptual framework and up-to-date development of sustainability. Second, it reviews the current transport situation of China and its future demands. Third, the paper analyses transport policy from the viewpoints of energy consumption and environment pollution caused by transportation. It finally summarises suggestions for transport policy that China should consider in the future.     

Ecological restoration,social-economic changes and sustainable development in the Three Gorges Reservoir area: A case study in Yunyang,Chongqing Municipality

The Three Gorges Reservoir area contains high mountains and deep valleys. The fragile mountainous ecosystems are facing problems such as overpopulation, less available farmland, ecological degradation and poverty. The construction of the Three Gorges Project and a series of ecological restoration activities and social-economic changes have influenced the present and future viability of this area. The measures which have been taken indicate that restoring and renewing the degraded ecosystems and improving the economy is a prerequisite and is possible. Yunyang, a typical county, both in terms of poverty and ecological degradation in the Three Gorges Reservoir area of Chongqing Municipality, was chosen for the case study. This paper discusses the impacts of the Grain-for-Green project, ecological agriculture, urban and infrastructure building and ecological immigrants on the regional sustainable development through detailed field investigation and a questionnaire survey.     

光伏电站计划孤岛的划分与实现

为了解决光伏电站孤岛运行给电网和用户带来的电压不稳、保护误动和人身触电等问题,通过分析孤岛现象产生的原因及其对电网的影响,提出了以岛内安全、可靠为主的设计和划分基本原则及应用快切装置实现对光伏电站计划孤岛运行和并网运行进行切换的方法。结果表明:光伏电站计划孤岛运行模式不仅能够有效解决孤岛运行问题,还能够为电网稳定运行提供可靠电源支撑。     

基于TLSER和QSPR关系预测PAHs和PCBs的LDPE膜-空气分配系数

有机污染物在被动采样材料与环境介质之间的平衡分配系数(K_P),是测定环境中有机污染物浓度的重要参数,但K_P值大部分都需要经过繁琐的实验测定获取,无法逐个测定数量繁多的污染物,因此需开发一种预测K_P值的方法。为此,搜集整理了一些多环芳香烃(PAHs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)的低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)-空气分配系数(K_PA)的实测值,基于理论线性溶解能(TLSER)和定量结构性质关系(QSPR),利用逐步多元线性回归(MLR)分别构建了预测K_PA值的模型。模型的决定系数R2adj分别为0.927和0.956,交叉验证系数Q2LOO分别为0.915和0.946,外部系数Q2ext分别为0.913和0.960。结果表明,2种模型具有良好的拟合优度、稳健性和预测能力,并解释了模型的机理。所构建的2种模型均可用来预测应用域内有机污染物的LDPE膜-空气分配系数。