上海市不同类型道路灰尘铂族元素（PGEs）空间分布特征

车辆行驶特征对PGEs排放影响很大,而不同类型道路,其车辆行驶特征会有很大差别。基于此,对上海市5条不同类型的道路进行灰尘PGEs空间分布规律的探讨。灰尘样品用王水消解制样,ICP-MS测定。结果表明：道路灰尘Rh、Pd、Pt的平均含量在主干道为24.50、96.40、29.04 ng·g-1,次干道为23.18、76.92、37.21 ng·g-1,快速路为41.73、188.05、57.21 ng·g-1,郊区高速公路为13.35、63.34、18.01 ng·g-1,郊区公路为7.49、22.76、0.97 ng·g-1,除次干道Pt含量高于主干道外,5种类型道路的PGEs含量均表现为：快速路﹥主干道﹥次干道﹥郊区高速公路﹥郊区公路,郊区高速公路及郊区公路虽然车流量大,但PGEs含量并不高,车流中许多车辆因未安装VECs而不排放PGEs是主要原因。如以1.5-1.6 km道路（两端为路口）为长度单位,主干道、次干道及快速路灰尘PGEs的分布呈波浪型;郊区公路灰尘PGEs的分布呈半圆弧型;郊区高速公路（仅有一端为收费口）灰尘PGEs分布呈先高后低再趋于平稳的折线型,车辆行驶特征的差异是造成不同类型道路灰尘PGEs分布模式差异的主要原因。郊区高速公路及郊区公路的路口（或收费口）,PGEs含量往往很高;而主干道、次干道及快速路的路口,PGEs含量不一定很高,频繁的怠速和加减速使得上述三种道路远离路口的地方也常出现怠速是主要原因。     

Integrating multiple vegetation indices via an artificial neural network model for estimating the leaf chlorophyll content of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spartina alterniflora</Emphasis> under interspecies competition

The invasive species Spartina alterniflora and native species Phragmites australis display a significant co-occurrence zonation pattern and this co-exist region exerts most competitive situations between these two species, competing for the limited space, directly influencing the co-exist distribution in the future. However, these two species have different growth ratios in this area, which increase the difficulty to detect the distribution situation directly by remote sensing. As chlorophyll content is a key indicator of plant growth and physiological status, the objective of this study was to reduce the effect of interspecies competition when estimating Cab content; we evaluated 79 published representative indices to determine the optimal indices for estimating the chlorophyll a and b (Cab) content. After performing a sensitivity analysis for all 79 spectral indices, five spectral indices were selected and integrated using an artificial neural network (ANN) to estimate the Cab content of different competition ratios: the Gitelson ratio green index, the transformed chlorophyll absorption ratio index/optimized soil-adjusted vegetation index, the modified normalized difference vegetation index, the chlorophyll fluorescence index, and the Vogelmann chlorophyll index. The ANN method yielded better results (R ² = 0.7110 and RMSE = 8.3829 μg cm^?2) on average than the best single spectral index (R ² = 0.6319 and RMSE = 9.3535 μg cm^?2), representing an increase of 10.78% in R ² and a decrease of 10.38% in RMSE. Our results indicated that integrating multiple vegetation indices with an ANN can alleviate the impact of interspecies competition and achieve higher estimation accuracy than the traditional approach using a single index.     

Chlorine removal from MSWI fly ash by thermal treatment: Effects of iron/aluminum additives

The high content of alkali chlorides in municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI) fly ash limit its resource reuse due to the potential environmental risks.In this paper, with superheated steam as the gasifying agent and inducer, chlorides in fly ash were removed by thermal treatment within a moderate temperature range.Thermal treatment experiments were performed under different conditions: temperature(500–800℃), steam addition(mass ratio of steam to fly ash = 0.25–1) and residence time(0.5–3 hr).Iron and aluminum powders were added to fly ash to improve the chlorine removal efficiency.Water-soluble chlorides included Na Cl and KCl, and insoluble chlorides mainly included Ca(OH)Cl.The heating process with the addition of water steam was more efficient than that without steam in terms of the removal performance of water-soluble chlorides.The removal efficiency of soluble chlorides reached 75.25% for a mass ratio of 1:1 after 1-hr thermal treatment at 700℃.When the residence time was increased above 1 hr, the total dechlorination efficiency was not increased dramatically.Moreover, adding iron and aluminum powder into the fly ash improved the removal of water-insoluble chlorides, and the total dechlorination efficiency was increased by 11.41%–16.64%.     

试论四川省开展排污权交易制度

排污权交易制度作为一种环境保护的经济手段,是市场经济体制下控制污染的有效措施,对于实现“十二五”规划纲要中关于总量控制战略目标具有积极的意义。本文阐述了排污权交易制度的内涵,并根据四川省经济发展水平和排污的实际情况,提出了四川省开展排污权交易的必要性,分析了四川省开展排污权交易制度的可行性,并讨论了四川省在开展排污权交易时必须处理好的几大问题,以期为四川省开展排污权交易制度提供一些有价值的参考和依据。     

MBR与PAC-MBR对微污染水源水中总磷的去除效果研究

通过曝气、膜组件、反应器等方面的改进,用MBR与PAC(粉末活性炭)-MBR处理微污染水中得总磷(TP).实验结果表明:MBR稳定后出水TP含量低于0.02mg/L,去除率达到90％左右,有效的解决了此类微污染水体富营养化的干扰;而PAC-MBR组合工艺对TP的处理效果明显优于MBR工艺,稳定后对TP的去除率达到98％以上.     

呼和浩特市道路交通噪声的预测及评价

本文针对呼和浩特市区道路及机动车发展现状,对城区部分主要道路交通噪声进行实测和分析,建立BP人工神经网络交通噪声模型,并对其道路交通噪声进行预测,测试样本的预测值与实测值的等效声级比较接近,平均误差值小于2％.     

乌鲁木齐主城区不透水层(玻璃表面)有机膜中PAEs的污染特征

采集乌鲁木齐主城区不透水层(玻璃表面)有机膜样品,使用气相色谱法测对样品中PAEs(DMP、DEP、DBP和DEHP)进行分析,探讨不透水层膜中PAEs累积水平、组分特征与空间分布等污染特征。结果表明:乌鲁木齐不透水层(玻璃表面)有机膜中的PAEs以DEP为主,其次是DBP,其他PAEs相对较少;在空间分布上,DMP、DEP、DBP在沙依巴克区含量最高,其次是新市区,水磨沟区含量最低,DEHP与其他PAEs的空间分布略有差异,表现为在新市区含量最高;在功能区分布上,DMP、DEP、DBP均表现为商业区工业区交通密集区居民文教区公园广场区,DEHP与其他PAEs功能区分布略有差异,表现为交通密集区居民文教区商业区工业区公园广场区,PAEs来源的不同是造成其功能区分布差异的主要因素;乌鲁木齐ΣPAEs及不同类型的PAEs含量都高于其卫星城昌吉市3～4个数量级,这从一定程度上揭示出大城市不透水层PAEs的含量可能远大于中小城市。本项研究将有利于深入认识干旱区城市典型介质不透水层中的PAEs富集及其机制,为准确预测PAEs污染趋势及制定相关环境保护政策提供科学依据。     

Thermodynamic coupling characteristics in hybrid (dry/wet) cooling system

A hybrid cooling system consisting of both a dry section and wet section is proposed in this paper as a means to conserving energy and water by combining the benefits of both dry and wet cooling modes. A new thermodynamic coupling characteristics computing model was established to identify the best combination of dry and wet cooling subsystems in the hybrid tower throughout year-round operation based on its air thermodynamic state under the “no plume” principle. A hybrid cooling tower in Inner Mongolia, China, consisting of an elliptical tube heat exchanger with rectangular fins and counter-flow wet packing, was designed as an example under the no plume principle. The minimum number of heat exchanger units in service and the corresponding thermodynamic operating parameters were obtained under a year-round operation. The tower exhibited notable advantages in regards to water conservation compared to the traditional evaporative cooling tower at an estimated yearly savings of 3.74 × 10⁷ kg water.     

环境友好型金属切削液的性能研究

以油酸、二乙醇胺、硼酸、苯并三氮唑为主要原料,采用酯交换法制得油酸二乙醇酰胺硼酸酯、相转移法制得苯并三氮唑衍生物,合成一种复合有机硼酸酯,采用傅立叶红外光谱仪对合成产物进行表征。对由复合有机硼酸酯配制的水基切削液进行防锈、润滑及清洗性能的测试。结果表明:(1)以油酸、二乙醇胺、硼酸和苯并三氮唑为主要原料制备出的复合有机硼酸酯,经红外光谱仪的表征,证实合成工艺可行。(2)水基切削液的防腐蚀和防锈性能随着复合有机硼酸酯添加量的增加而改善,在较高温较长时间的持续工作环境下同样能保持良好的防锈性能。(3)当复合有机硼酸酯添加量为0.25%(质量分数)时,水基切削液在60℃、24h的缓蚀率达到了70%左右,35℃时的单片及叠片防锈试验合格,25℃下的表面张力为33.13×10-4 N/dm,润滑性能良好。     

20世纪山东近海第一次重大地震事件

1910年1月8日（清宣统元年十一月二十七日）22时49分,山东近海——南黄海北部（北纬35.0度,东经122.0度）发生6 3/4级地震。地震波及山东、江苏（含现上海）、安徽、浙江四省,有感范围北至烟台,南至宁波,西到徐州。据报道地震仅造成一人死亡。