湿法脱硫浆液中石膏与汞的结合特性模拟研究

燃煤烟气湿法脱硫石膏中汞的大量富集限制了其应用范围且容易产生汞的二次逃逸问题.因此,本文对脱硫浆液中的汞在固相石膏的迁移转化规律进行了模拟研究,考察了不同操作条件和离子浓度的影响,探求汞进入石膏的量和形态的变化趋势.同时考察了温度、p H、石膏老化时间和结晶方式等对汞与石膏结合特性的影响,并对机理进行了探讨.结果表明,当液相汞浓度从0.16 mg·L-1增加到2.67 mg·L-1时,进入石膏的汞含量相应从0.38 mg·kg-1增加到4.17 mg·kg-1,但其占液相总汞的比例却呈先下降后不变的趋势.当石膏浆液浓度从1%增加到20%时,由液相进入石膏中的汞比例不断上升,但石膏汞含量却不断下降.基于实验结果推测汞与石膏结合的两种方式:石膏的内部包裹作用和石膏的表面吸附作用.另外,酸根离子浓度会改变浆液中游离汞的含量,从而影响石膏中汞的富集量:Cl-和NO-3对汞进入石膏有抑制作用,而SO2-4的存在会起到促进作用;铁、铝阳离子的存在会促进汞进入石膏,钙、镁阳离子对汞的富集基本无影响.     

深圳福田红树林无瓣海桑与海桑群落的重金属累积和循环

研究了深圳福田红树林无瓣海桑与海桑群落对重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni元素的吸收、累积、分布和循环.结果表明,该林地表层土壤(0～30cm)Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni元素的储量关系为Zn＞Pb＞Ni＞Cr＞Cu;群落中3种植物对土壤中5种重金属元素富集能力的大小依次为海桑＞无瓣海桑＞秋茄.该群落Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni的现存累积量分别为:23019.61、23429.65、117870.41、6835.79、12995.08μg/m²;年吸收量分别为:6592.20、266     

玻璃减薄蚀刻液中氟硅酸的选择性脱除方法

光电玻璃减薄蚀刻液中氟硅酸(H2SiF6)的累积,是导致蚀刻液无法连续使用而转化为废液的主要原因。尝试对蚀刻废液中氟硅酸进行选择性脱除工艺,探索刻蚀液循环利用的有效处理方法。鉴于氟硅酸的碱金属盐具有溶解度较低的特点,研究考察了利用钠盐或钾盐为沉淀剂,将废液中的H2SiF6以氟硅酸盐的形式沉淀去除,为实现蚀刻液的循环利用提供可能。结果表明,KCl相比NaCl对H2SiF6处理效果更好,但生成的K2SiF6的结晶颗粒过细,难以自然沉降,过滤效果较差;而Na2SiF6结晶沉降特性较好,且使用NaCl为沉淀剂具有价廉易得等特点,可作为氟硅酸的理想沉淀剂。H2SiF6去除率与碱金属盐H2SiF6摩尔计量比正相关,当摩尔计量比NaCl/H2SiF6=2,H2SiF6含量10%的模拟废液,其H2SiF6去除率可达到90%以上。     

关于青岛市废旧电器循环利用对策的思考

随着科技的不断进步，家电产品更新换代的速度不断加快，由于废旧电器的不当处置所引发的环境问题日益突出。如何在保障环境安全的前提下，建立有效的废旧电器回收体系，实现废旧电器的资源最大化和环境无害化处置是当前我国大力发展循环经济主要面对和重点要解决的问题之一。本文以青岛市电器产品的生产和保有状况、废旧电器排放和资源化利用状况调查为基础，分析了静脉产业类生态工业园区的建设对促进废旧电器“3R”化的重要作用。揭示了建立合理的回收体系是青岛市废旧电器循环利用的主要因素。结合“延伸生产者责任制度”，提出青岛市废旧电器循环利用的对策及各相关方责任。为青岛市制订废旧电器相关地方性法规提供了重要依据，同时也为国家相关立法工作提供了重要借鉴。     

Effect of copper tolerant Elsholtzia splendens on bacterial community associated with Commelina communis on a copper mine spoil

Facilitation, or positive plant–plant interaction, has received increasing concern from ecologists over the last two decades. Facilitation may occur through direct mitigation of severe environments or indirect mediation by a third participant from the same or different trophic levels. The copper(Cu) tolerant species Elsholtzia splendens facilitates the establishment and growth of co-occurring Commelina communis through indirect enrichment of microbial activity. However, whether and how E. splendens impacts the microbial community that is associated with C. communis is less known. We characterized the soil bacterial community in the rhizosphere of C. communis in the absence and presence of E.splendens using PCR-DGGE(polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) and sequencing. The result showed that the richness of the bacterial community increased, but diversity and evenness remained similar, in the presence of E. splendens.Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria were the most dominant bacteria. The relative abundance of dominant and minor bacterial groups showed distinctly different responses to E. splendens. Principal component analysis and redundancy analysis indicated that variation of the bacterial community was determined by multiple factors and might be driven by the tested soil parameters collectively, or alternatively changed through plant root exudates or other microorganisms. Our results enhance the understanding of how the bacterial community associated with a beneficiary plant responds to a benefactor plant and suggests that the changes of bacterial community composition may have far-reaching influence on plant–soil feedback and the aboveground plant community in the long run.     

Plant species coexistence alleviates the impacts of lead on Zea mays L.

Whether plant coexistence can reduce the impacts of lead (Pb) on crops in agroecosystems has not been well understood. We conducted a factorial experiment to investigate the effects of weeds coexisting with maize (Zea mays L.) on Pb accumulation in maize and soil microbes at two Pb levels (ambient and 300 mg/kg). Elevated Pb tended to increase the Pb concentration in maize and decreased soil microbial activity (indicated by the average well color development, AWCD), functional group diversity, as well as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization and vesicle number of maize. Compared to the monoculture, weeds coexisting with maize reduced the Pb concentrations in the root, leaf, sheath and stem of maize at both seedling and mature stages. In maize-weed mixtures, soil microbial activity and functional group diversity tended to increase for both Pb treatments relative to the monoculture. Furthermore, principal component analysis revealed that the soil microbial community structure changed with the introduction of weeds. The highest Pb accumulation in weeds occurred for the elevated Pb treatment in a three species mixture. The results suggest that multiple plant species coexistence could reduce lead accumulation in crop plants and alleviate the negative impacts on soil microbes in polluted land, thereby highlighting the significance of plant diversity in agroecosystems.     

污泥干化过程氨的释放与控制

通过模拟试验,深入研究了污泥氨在自然状态和不同温度下的释放特征及其影响因素,并结合污泥低温干化工艺的特点,建立了污泥氨释放的收集与处理系统.结果表明,污泥在储存的四天时间内,氨在空气条件下自然释放的日平均释放量为0.11μg/(g·d),在污泥干化过程中,氨的主要释放量集中在0~30min的早期阶段,氨的释放与水的蒸发同步发生,干化温度决定了污泥氨的释放强度,控制污泥在低温下完成干化过程,是抑制污泥氨释放强度的有效措施.通过多级湿式除尘除气不但可以去除污泥干化时释放的绝大部分氨和其他有害气体(如硫化氢),而且几乎可以去除全部烟尘.     

Utilization of aluminum hydroxide waste generated in fluoride adsorption and coagulation processes for adsorptive removal of cadmium ion

Although Al-based coagulation and adsorption processes have been proved highly efficient for fluoride (F) removal, the two processes both generate large amount of Al(OH)₃ solid waste containing F (Al(OH)₃-F). This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of utilizing Al(OH)₃-F generated in Al(OH)₃ adsorption (Al(OH)₃-F_ads) and coagulation (Al(OH)₃-F_coag) for the adsorption of cadmium ion (Cd(II)). The adsorption capacity of Al(OH)₃-F_ads and Al(OH)₃-F_coag for Cd(II) was similar as that of pristine aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)₃), being of 24.39 and 19.90 mg·g^–1, respectively. The adsorption of Cd(II) onto Al(OH)₃-F_ads and Al(OH)₃-F_coag was identified to be dominated by ion-exchange with sodium ion (Na⁺) or hydrogen ion (H⁺), surface microprecitation, and electrostatic attraction. The maximum concentration of the leached fluoride from Al(OH)₃-F_ads and Al(OH)₃-F_coag is below the Chinese Class-I IndustrialWastewater Discharge Standard for fluoride (<10 mg·L^–1). This study demonstrates that the Al(OH)₃ solid wastes generated in fluoride removal process could be potentially utilized as a adsorbent for Cd(II) removal.     

A novel online analyzer for accurate and rapid measurement of volatile fatty acids in anaerobic wastewater treatment

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs), which are largely generated during the anaerobic acidification process, are considered to be reliable indicators of the stable process operation. However, the common methods for monitoring VFAs are offline, and they are typically manual requiring time-consuming, costly and complex instruments. This study aims to develop a novel online analyzer for automatic measuring VFAs, which was based on the 5-pH point titration, embedded with a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) feedback control system. The results show that it can achieve accurate and rapid monitoring of VFAs ranging between 0-400 mg/L (<9 min/sample) but simultaneously faces the problems of overtitration and interference of complex characteristics of wastewater. In order to improve its accuracy and stability, the effects of three general coefficients (K_I, K_P, and K_D) of PID on the titration were investigated, and the optimal values of K_I, K_P, and K_D were found to be 1.5, 1.0, and -1.0~0.5, respectively. Besides, the initial titration speed was set at 0.06 mL/min, equal to the minimum speed of the peristaltic pump, and the dichotomy approach was integrated into the PID feedback controller. Owing to the above improvements, the relative mean deviation and standard deviation of measuring VFAs in both synthetic and real wastewaters were mostly lower than 5.0% and 5.0 mg/L, proving the online analyzer is rapid, accurate and reliable.     

Arsenic fractionation and contamination assessment in sediments of thirteen lakes from the East Plain and Yungui Plateau Ecoregions, China

Arsenic（As） fractions in the sediments of seven lakes from East Plain Ecoregion and six lakes from Yungui Plateau Ecoregion, China, were investigated. Results indicated that the total As concentrations in sediment samples of lakes of the East Plain Lake Ecoregion are higher than those of Yungui Plateau Lake Ecoregion. Residual As is the main fraction in sediment samples of lakes from both ecoregions, followed by reducible As and soluble or oxidizable As. The total As is correlated to oxidizable As and residual As in sediment samples from both lake ecoregions. As distribution in sediment samples of lakes of the East Plain Ecoregion appears to be affected by human activity, while the As origin mainly comes from natural sources in sediment samples of lakes in the Yungui Plateau Ecoregion. The potential ecological risk index and geoaccumulation index values suggest ＂low to moderate＂ risk degree and ＂unpolluted to moderately polluted＂ for As in the studied lake sediments.