基于无人机平台的甲烷监测技术及其在油气行业的应用

对甲烷排放的精准监测是油气行业实现温室气体减排与管控的基础和前提。无人机具有灵活、可操作性强、覆盖范围广、运行成本低等特点,以无人机为飞行平台的甲烷监测技术在油气行业区域甲烷排放监测领域具有巨大的应用潜力。详细阐述了基于无人机平台的甲烷监测技术的优势,梳理了不同的无人机类型,并根据其飞行性能及载荷能力进行了比对,归纳了无人机有效载荷类型、特点及应用场景,总结了国内外无人机甲烷监测技术在油气行业的应用,旨在为基于无人机平台的甲烷监测技术在我国油气行业的应用提供理论和技术参考。     

不同雨强对太湖河网区河道入湖营养盐负荷影响

为揭示太湖河网区不同雨强下入湖河道面源污染规律,以太湖入湖负荷最大的河道大浦河为例,通过一周年逐日高频监测水体各形态氮、磷及溶解性有机碳等营养盐情况,结合河道流量及降雨量的自动监测资料,分析了大雨、中雨、小雨及无雨等4种降雨强度下太湖河网区典型河道的流量和营养盐负荷特征.结果表明,作为太湖河网区的典型入湖河道,大浦河时常发生往复流现象,观测的365 d内,有60 d日均流量为负值,占16%;河道流量对雨强的响应较为迟缓,仅强降雨事件( 25 mm·d~(-1))下,降雨当日河道流量才显著增加;中雨期平均流量仅比无雨期高了29%,在统计上不显著.河道水体营养盐浓度在不同降雨强度下差异不显著,大雨、中雨、小雨及无雨事件下河道总氮浓度分别为(3. 00±0. 58)、(3. 34±0. 93)、(3. 55±1. 05)和(3. 37±1. 14) mg·L~(-1),小雨事件当天水体总氮浓度均值最高,而4种类型降雨事件下河道总磷含量分别为(0. 228±0. 068)、(0. 258±0. 121)、(0. 219±0. 083)和(0. 225±0. 121) mg·L~(-1),差异性也不显著,就平均值而言,中雨时河道总磷浓度最高.夏季典型降雨过程分析表明,不同雨强发生之后河道溶解性有机碳和各形态氮的浓度变化不大,但大雨之后次日河道各形态磷浓度有明显增高,持续时间为2 d,中雨后次日河道总磷和颗粒态磷有明显增高,持续时间仅为1 d,小雨后磷浓度基本无变化.大雨、中雨、小雨和无雨时总氮日负荷分别为7. 64、3. 19、3. 21和2. 62 t·d~(-1),总磷日负荷分别为0. 59、0. 26、0. 22和0. 20 t·d~(-1),受入湖流量影响,大雨期营养盐日负荷显著高于中雨及以下强度的降雨;然而,由于一年内大雨出现频次较少,大雨期氮和磷总入湖负荷占年负荷的比重不大,大雨期总氮和总磷分别入湖61. 11 t和4. 72 t,占观测周年的5. 6%和5. 8%,这与山区河道降雨负荷间的关系有着显著区别.本高频观测表明,太湖流域平原河网区河道面源污染汇集过程复杂,入湖负荷受降雨强度的影响相对较小,入湖水量是营养盐负荷的重要影响因素.本研究结果对太湖流域平原河网区湖泊的面源污染的估算及控制对策的制定具有参考价值.     

Safeguarding the Pantanal Wetlands: Threats and Conservation Initiatives

Abstract:  The Pantanal, one of the largest wetlands on the planet, comprises 140,000 km² of lowland floodplain of the upper Rio Paraguai basin that drains the Cerrado of central Brazil. The diverse mosaics of habitats resulting from the varied soil types and inundation regimes are responsible for an extraordinarily rich terrestrial and aquatic biota, exemplified by the bird richest wetland in the world—463 birds have been recorded there—and the largest known populations of several threatened mammals, such as Pampas deer ( Ozotoceros bezoarticus ), marsh deer ( Blastocerus dichotomus ), giant otter ( Pteronura brasiliensis ), and jaguar ( Panthera onca ). Until recently, deforestation of the adjoining Brazilian central plateau was considered the major threat to this area, but now deforestation is a critical problem within the floodplain itself. More than 40% of the forest and savanna habitats have been altered for cattle ranching through the introduction of exotic grasses. And there are other threats that lead to large-scale disruption of ecological processes, severely affecting biodiversity. Although the Pantanal wetland is a Biosphere Reserve and is considered a Wetland of International Importance, only 2.5% of the upper Paraguai River basin is formally protected. To date, protected areas have been created opportunistically and as such, although of undoubted value, protect only a fraction of the Pantanal's wildlife and habitats. Among the conservation initiatives in the area, the private sector is increasingly participating in the establishment of private reserves. The prospects are far from optimistic, however, and the major challenge is to find alternative socioeconomic models that allow for conservation and economic uses of the land in association with the development of specific environmental legislation that reflects the unique characteristics of the region.     

水文气象因素对东南山区水库硅藻异常增殖的影响

硅藻异常增殖是影响我国许多水库水质安全的生态灾害.为揭示水库硅藻异常增殖的影响因素,以我国东南丘陵地区大(Ⅱ)型水库天目湖沙河水库为例,基于8年逐月浮游植物群落结构及相关环境因子的监测,分析了硅藻(Bacillariophyta)及其优势属生物量与温度、降雨、水位、营养盐等环境因子之间的关系.结果表明,春季硅藻及其优势属的生物量主要受温度的影响,与水文、营养盐关系较弱;不同硅藻优势属与水温的关系差异较大:针杆藻(Synedra)的最佳生长温度为27℃,小环藻(Cyclotella)与曲壳藻(Achnanthes)的最佳生长温度为19℃,直链藻(Melosira)适合在低温下生长,生物量随温度升高而降低;硅藻生物量与环境因子的多元统计分析表明,硅藻总生物量、针杆藻和曲壳藻等优势属生物量峰值与降雨量显著性正相关(P0.05),小环藻生物量峰值与总磷、降雨量和水位显著性正相关,而与换水率显著性负相关,直链藻生物量峰值与总磷显著性正相关.年度硅藻峰值强度可以用降雨量强度和时间、冬春季的积温和溶解性总磷浓度等综合因素拟合预测.研究表明,对于我国东南丘陵山区中营养水平的水库而言,硅藻优势属的异常增殖事件受水文气象因素异常事件的影响较大,相比较而言对氮磷营养盐响应偏弱;在防控水库硅藻异常增殖灾害方面,除了积极开展流域营养盐削减措施之外,应当密切关注极端天气综合影响,采取相应的水文调节措施,开发切实有效的灾害预警技术.     

Antibiotic Resistance of Enterococcus spp. Isolated from Wastewater and Sludge of Poultry Slaughterhouses

Antibiotimicrobial resistance was investigated in 537 Enterococcus spp. isolates recovered from 22 samples of crude inflow, treated effluent and sludge collected in wastewater treatment plants of eight poultry slaughterhouses of Portugal. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found in the resistance to each antimicrobial agent with regards to the origin of the sample (inflow, sludge and effluent). Many of the isolates displayed resistance to tetracycline (85.7%), erythromycin (45.7%), nitrofurantoin (34.0%) and rifampicin (17.8%). Resistance was also observed, but to a lesser extent, to ciprofloxacin (10.2%), ampicillin (8.0%), chloramphenicol (4.6%), vancomycin (0.9%) and gentamicin (0.4%). Resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes was present in 37.1% of the isolates. Wastewater treatment resulted in viable enterococci decrease between less than 1 log and 4 log; nevertheless, more than 4.4 × 10⁵ colony forming units (CFU)/100 mL were present in the outflow of the plants and thus resistant enterococci are not prevented from reaching the general environment.     

Cold DeNOx development for oxyfuel power plants

Flue gas purification is a necessary method to avoid emission of sour gases like SO_x and NO_x into the environment. Another important aspect is the zero CO₂ emission from coal-fired power plants. Oxyfuel technology is one of the processes to reach this goal. LINDE KCA Dresden in cooperation with Vattenfall Europe is operating a pilot plant producing liquefied CO₂. Product specification and material requirements make flue gas purification for the removal of SO_x and NO_x unavoidable. The new oxyfuel technologies offer new process conditions for flue gas purification which are not available at atmospheric conditions.At Linde laboratories, catalytic and non-catalytic DeNOx and DeSOx processes have been screened for oxyfuel application. After first feasibility studies, laboratory experiments and economic evaluations, it was decided to develop a process based on wet scrubber systems to remove NO_x from flue gas, simultaneously producing ammonia nitrites which can be thermally decomposed into nitrogen in a second step. After demonstration of the single process steps on laboratory scale, a pilot scrubber was erected and commissioned in 2010 at Schwarze Pumpe Oxyfuel Pilot Plant. In September 2010, the successful completion of the pilot tests demonstrated the NO_x removal efficiency of this technology. The data from the pilot plant tests have been used to finalise a kinetic model describing the NO_x absorption behaviour regarding NO_x removal rate and nitrite selectivity for demonstration of plant scale up. This DeNOx-process is now marketed under the name “LICONOX”.     

Beziehungen zwischen Körperbau und Lebensweise bei Blenniidae (Pisces) aus dem Roten Meer. I. Äußere morphologie

The external morphology of 5 species of salariin Blenniidae has been examined. Differences have been established between Salarias fasciatus living in the sublittoral, Antennablennius hypenetes, Istiblennius edentulus and I. flaviumbrinus inhabiting the eulittoral zone, and, especially, Alticus kirkii living on steep rocks of the supralittoral zone. The rays of the anal and (partly) pectoral fins terminate in little hooks; these are most pronounced in A. kirkii and least developed in S. jasciatus. The pelvic fins are short and broad in A. kirkii, but long and slender in the other 4 species. These structures make it possible to cling to uneven substrates. Fins are protected from rough rocks by a well developed cuticula; this is thickest in A. kirkii. Respiratory organs, adapted to function on land, have been discovered in the form of cutaneous blood vessels on the heads and the bodies of A. kirkii, and (less numerous and less developed) in I. edentulus and I. flaviumbrinus. Sensory organs have become specialized in A. kirkii; the eyes protude from the head, and the lateral line is reduced to a small relict. S. fasciatus and A. kirkii must be regarded as terminal representatives of a sequence of development which followed a trend toward the amphibian way of life.