皂土对CuSO_4的吸附性能研究

研究了皂土对CuSO_4的吸附性能,考察了溶液初始pH、无机电解质NaCl、MgCl_2和AlCl_3及乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和柠檬酸等因素对皂土吸附量的影响。实验结果表明:皂土对CuSO_4有很强的吸附能力;其吸附动力学曲线和吸附等温线分别符合准二级反应速率方程和Langmuir方程;饱和吸附量达29.85 mg/g;随溶液初始pH增大,吸附量增大;无机电解质NaCl、MgCl_2和AlCl_3以及EDTA和柠檬酸均可以抑制CuSO_4在皂土上的吸附。     

浮床植物对雨水中氮磷等污染物的去除效果

在实验室条件下,研究以美人蕉、空心菜及两者混合这3种情况下浮床植物对雨水中N、P和COD等营养盐类的去除效果及植物生长状况。结果表明两者混合种植时对TN、TP和COD的去除效果更好,其中美人蕉对TP的去除效果相对较好,空心菜对TN、COD的去除效果较好。选用混合浮床在镇江市雨水利用示范区进行雨水处理,由实验结果得知,混合植物浮床对雨水中TP、TN、COD、SS和浊度的去除效果良好,最高去除率分别达到86%、67.4%、66.4%、93.5%和95.4%。出水水质完全符合城市绿化用水标准,从而在达到雨水回用的目的,对成熟的美人蕉和空心菜进行6种重金属含量检测,也均达到相关的食用及药用标准。     

超声与碱预处理低有机质剩余污泥特性分析

以某城市污水处理厂低有机质剩余污泥（VSS/SS为0.42）为对象,通过实验研究了超声与碱（NaOH和CaO）预处理对其特性的影响,分析了加碱和未加碱时污泥上清液中pH值、ORP（氧化还原电位）、SCOD、TP和NH₃-N等随超声处理时间的变化规律。结果表明,在超声处理30～120 min范围内,超声加碱处理可使污泥上清液中ORP明显下降;超声加碱处理可明显提高污泥上清液中的SCOD释放量,且加NaOH比加CaO更为明显;NaOH加超声处理可促进污泥中TP的释放,但CaO加超声处理则与此相反;无论是否加碱,超声处理对污泥上清液中NH₃-N释放影响较小;超声加碱处理剩余污泥可明显改善污泥絮体,使其更为紧密。     

水体低氧的早期暴露对青鳉(Oryzias latipes)后期的生长、性别比和繁殖能力的影响

水体低氧已是全球性生态问题,常以季节性、偶发性和昼夜间等不同形式存在于不同的水体中。长期低氧可影响鱼类正常的生长和繁殖,但鱼类早期生活阶段暴露于不同形式的低氧后,后期的生长和繁殖是否会受到不利影响,目前研究甚少。本研究在实验室模拟了连续低氧(2.8 mg·L~(-1)DO)(H1)、昼夜低氧(H2)和发生在胚胎器官形成时期的偶发性低氧(H3)等3种情景对青鳉胚胎的发育影响,评估了这一早期暴露对青鳉后期的生长、存活和繁殖的影响。我们发现,3种低氧方式都可以显著延长青鳉胚胎的孵化周期,引起胚胎卵黄囊吸收和鱼鳔发育异常;暴露结束120 d后,H1组青鳉成鱼的畸形率显著升高、存活率和生长速度都显著下降;H1、H2和H3组中成鱼的雌雄比都发生了改变,鱼群中以雄鱼为主,且产卵量和受精率都显著下降。结果表明,鱼类早期胚胎发育阶段所受到的低氧暴露可对后期生长和繁殖产生不利影响,对子代补充和种群稳定产生重要影响;鱼类关键发育期所经历的低氧事件,以及昼夜低氧事件所产生的生态后果不容忽视。     

Enhanced effect of HAH on citric acid-chelated Fe(II)-catalyzed percarbonate for trichloroethene degradation

This work demonstrates the impact of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (HAH) addition on enhancing the degradation of trichloroethene (TCE) by the citric acid (CA)-chelated Fe(II)-catalyzed percarbonate (SPC) system. The results of a series of batch-reactor experiments show that TCE removal with HAH addition was increased from approximately 57 to 79% for a CA concentration of 0.1 mM and from 89 to 99.6% for a 0.5 mM concentration. Free-radical probe tests elucidated the existence of hydroxyl radical (HO^•) and superoxide anion radical (O₂ ^•-) in both CA/Fe(II)/SPC and HAH/CA/Fe(II)/SPC systems. However, higher removal rates of radical probe compounds were observed in the HAH/CA/Fe(II)/SPC system, indicating that HAH addition enhanced the generation of both free radicals. In addition, increased contribution of O₂ ^•- in the HAH/CA/Fe(II)/SPC system compared to the CA/Fe(II)/SPC system was verified by free-radical scavengers tests. Complete TCE dechlorination was confirmed based on the total mass balance of the released Cl⁻ species. Lower concentrations of formic acid were produced in the later stages of the reaction for the HAH/CA/Fe(II)/SPC system, suggesting that HAH addition favors complete TCE mineralization. Studies of the impact of selected groundwater matrix constituents indicate that TCE removal in the HAH/CA/Fe(II)/SPC system is slightly affected by initial solution pH, with higher removal rates under acidic and near neutral conditions. Although HCO₃ ⁻ was observed to have an adverse impact on TCE removal for the HAH/CA/Fe(II)/SPC system, the addition of HAH reduced its inhibitory effect compared to the CA/Fe(II)/SPC system. Finally, TCE removal in actual groundwater was much significant with the addition of HAH to the CA/Fe(II)/SPC system. The study results indicate that HAH amendment has potential to enhance effective remediation of TCE-contaminated groundwater.

     

Health risk assessment of exposure to organic matter from the use of reclaimed water in toilets

To estimate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of six volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in reclaimed water used for flushing toilets, a probabilistic health risk assessment based on Monte Carlo simulations was used. Before Monte Carlo simulations, the contaminant volatilization model was applied to estimate the concentration of the pollutants in air. Moreover, a questionnaire was used to acquire daily exposure time and the Batch Fit tool of Crystal Ball software was applied to find the best-fitting distribution of a part of the input parameters. The risk analysis indicated that the health risks from six VOCs were lower than the negligible risk level (1?×?10^?8) in all cases, and the health risk for females was slightly higher than that for males. Overall, exposure to organic pollutants in reclaimed water during toilet flushing does not currently pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans. In this study, we want to provide some information on the health risk from reclaimed water used for toilet flushing in China and hope that it will be useful to promote the application of reclaimed water in water-deficient areas.     

基于指标规范值的环境质量的指数幂乘积指数公式

传统的环境质量指数幂乘积指数的分级标准值随指标不同和指标数目不同而不同,因而综合指数的分级标准值不能规范和统一.在适当设定指标参照值和指标值的规范变换式基础上,使同类环境不同指标的同级标准的规范值差异尽可能小,而不同标准的指标规范值差异尽可能大,从而可以认为,用规范值表示的同类环境的各指标皆等效于某个规范指标,因而同类环境的任意m项指标的指数幂乘积综合指数可以有共同的分级标准值,使基于指标规范值的环境质量指数幂乘积指数公式具有普适性、可比性和通用性.     

双向旋流污水净化器处理溢流污水

介绍了双向旋流絮凝沉淀一体化污水净化器的结构特点及运行机理,其具有双旋流室和悬浮过滤层的结构提高了对污水的净化效率。利用双向旋流净化器对镇江市溢流污水进行处理,对装置的分离性能和运行的稳定性进行了研究,实验结果表明,双向旋流器在絮凝剂PAC投加量为150 mg/L,入口流量在1.5 m3/h,水力停留时间为10 min条件下对溢流污水的处理效果较好,COD、SS、TN和TP的去除率分别为70.0%、97.7%、71.2%和78.6%。装置连续运行3 h对COD和SS的平均去除率分别在65%和96%以上。     

柳江国家地质公园的科学价值与地质环境保护

秦皇岛柳江国家地质公园以地质遗迹资源丰富、地貌景观多样而闻名,具有重要的科学研究价值和旅游价值。然而地方政府为满足短期经济发展的需要,过度开发园区内的煤炭、水泥灰岩等矿产资源,致使一些珍贵的地质遗迹被破坏。为此,从政策、法规以及宣传教育层面对地质遗迹的保护提出一些建议。     

Degradation mechanisms of benzo[a]pyrene and its accumulated metabolites by biodegradation combined with chemical oxidation

A high degradation extent of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) should not be considered as the sole desirable criterion for the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated soils because some of its accumulated metabolites still have severe health risks to human. Two main metabolites of BaP, benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP1,6-quinone) and 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP) were identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with standards. This study was the first time that degradation of both BaP and the two metabolites was carried out by chemical oxidation and biodegradation. Three main phases during the whole degradation process were proposed. Hydrogen peroxide-zinc (H(2)O(2)-Zn), the fungus - Aspergillus niger and the bacteria - Zoogloea sp. played an important role in the different phases. The degradation parameters of the system were also optimized, and the results showed that the effect of degradation was the best when fungus-bacteria combined with H(2)O(2)-Zn, the concentration range of BaP in the cultures was 30-120mg/l, the initial pH of the cultures was 6.0. However, as co-metabolites, phenanthrene significant inhibited the degradation of BaP. This combined degradation system compared with the conventional method of degradation by domestic fungus only, enhanced the degradation extent of BaP by more than 20% on the 12d. The highest accumulation of BP1,6-quinone and 3-OHBP were reduced by nearly 10% in the degradation experiments, which further proved that the combined degradation system was more effective as far as joint toxicity of BaP and its metabolites are concerned.