云南稻核心种质苗期与孕穗期耐冷性特点及关系分析

以544份云南地方稻核心种质为材料,在昆明自然低温(苗期平均5.5～12.3℃,孕穗期平均17.8℃)冷害下,按籼粳、稻作区进行云南稻核心种质苗期耐冷性与孕穗期耐冷性的特点及关系研究.结果表明:(1)苗期耐冷性与孕穗期耐冷性密切相关,苗期耐冷性强的材料表现为孕穗期株高、剑叶长和宽、穗颈长、穗下节长、1～2节长、穗长较长、穗粒数较多,耐冷性较强.通过对苗期耐冷性的严格选择,可以间接获得孕穗期耐冷性较强的材料.(2)苗期和孕穗期耐冷性在籼粳间、稻作区间差异明显.籼粳间均表现为粳稻强于籼稻;稻作区间苗期耐冷性为滇中一季籼粳稻区和滇南单双季籼稻区最强,滇中一季籼粳稻区和滇西北高寒粳稻区孕穗期耐冷性较强,揭示了水稻苗期与穗期耐冷性的形成演化机制存在一致性和差异性.     

珠江三角洲城市群大气微生物与环境相关性

运用生态学的方法,结合实地调查与数理统计分析,对珠江三角洲城市群的大气微生物与环境的相关性问题进行探讨,拟为珠江三角洲城市环境污染的综合防治和卫生防疫工作提供依据,研究结果表明.(1)珠江三角洲城市群中广州和东莞的大气微生物含量较高,其中细菌比真菌含量高;室内较室外,无绿化地较有绿化地的大气微生物含量高,在全年中,春、夏季节的大气微生物含量相对较高.(2)大气风速、湿度、气温、可吸入颗粒、总悬浮颗粒、人口流动,绿化状况等环境因子与大气微生物真菌、细菌的平均含量有较明显的相关关系,大气微生物含量与气象因子多数呈正或负的线性关系.相关分析的计算结果为:真菌、细菌平均含量在春、夏、秋、冬四个季度中与大气温度、湿度、风速大多数地区相关程度比较高,其值R在0.583～0.988之间,真菌、细菌与可吸人颗粒数和总悬浮颗粒数,R值分别为为0.525,0.388和0.081,-0.044.一元线性回归分析和多元线性回归分析计算结果为:大气微生物含量与气象因子有明显的正或负的线性关系.真菌、细菌的平均含量与温度、湿度、风速一元线性回归模型的置信水平较高,其p值大多在0.019～0.483之间,T值在0.001～0.246之间;多元线性回归模型的置信水平也较高,其P值大多数在0.083～0.220之间,T值在0.026～0.132之间;排序值显示:温度、风速变化是大气微生物含量高低影响重要性最大的环境因子.(3)统计数据比较分析表明:大气微生物含量与人口密集状况、人口流动大小和绿化状况好坏也有较明显的相关性,火车站,汽车客运站售票厅,人口流量大,绿化无,大气微生物(真菌细菌)平均含量高;而人口流量相对较少,但车流量大,有一定的绿化带的道路大气微生物平均含量较低;环境条件、绿化较好的公园绿地大气微生物含量低,车流、人流多,绿化少的地段、商业中心大气微生物含量较高.     

Representation of critical natural capital in China

Traditional means of assessing representativeness of conservation value in protected areas depend on measures of structural biodiversity. The effectiveness of priority conservation areas at representing critical natural capital (CNC) (i.e., an essential and renewable subset of natural capital) remains largely unknown. We analyzed the representativeness of CNC‐conservation priority areas in national nature reserves (i.e., nature reserves under jurisdiction of the central government with large spatial distribution across the provinces) in China with a new biophysical‐based composite indicator approach. With this approach, we integrated the net primary production of vegetation, topography, soil, and climate variables to map and rank terrestrial ecosystems capacities to generate CNC. National nature reserves accounted for 6.7% of CNC‐conservation priority areas across China. Considerable gaps (35.2%) existed between overall (or potential) CNC representativeness nationally and CNC representation in national reserves, and there was significant spatial heterogeneity of representativeness in CNC‐conservation priority areas at the regional and provincial levels. For example, the best and worst representations were, respectively, 13.0% and 1.6% regionally and 28.9% and 0.0% provincially. Policy in China is transitioning toward the goal of an ecologically sustainable civilization. We identified CNC‐conservation priority areas and conservation gaps and thus contribute to the policy goals of optimization of the national nature reserve network and the demarcation of areas critical to improving the representativeness and conservation of highly functioning areas of natural capital. Moreover, our method for assessing representation of CNC can be easily adapted to other large‐scale networks of conservation areas because few data are needed, and our model is relatively simple.     

五大连池药泉湖总有机碳分布特征研究

以五大连池药泉湖为研究对象,开展对其水样及底泥中总有机碳的含量及分布特征研究。结果表明：药泉湖水体中总有机碳（TOC）含量范围在8．7～11．47mg／L之间,平均为9．89mg／L;药泉湖底泥中总有机碳（TOC）含量范围在40．77～77．25mg／kg之间,平均为54．12mg／kg。药泉湖周围的农业面源污染、居民办公区的生活污水的排入以及湖水径流路线对其分布有较大影响。     

清洁生产审核在电解铝企业的应用研究

在对某电解铝企业进行清洁生产审核过程中,通过对比中国电解铝行业清洁生产水平指标,运用清洁生产审核的方法,发掘企业清洁生产潜力,针对性的提出并实施了四项中高费方案和26项无低费方案。这些方案实施后,提升了电解生产的控制水平,增加了电流效率;优化了阳极配方工艺,降低了阳极的吨铝消耗;阳极生产改用天然气燃料,减少了大气污染;优化了电解槽工艺,降低了铝电解能耗,取得了良好的环境和经济效益,为今后电解铝企业的清洁生产审核积累了经验。     

膜生物反应器在垃圾渗滤液处理工程中的应用研究

介绍膜生物反应器的基本原理、优点、类型和影响因素,总结膜生物反应器在垃圾渗滤液处理工程中的应用现状及进展。工程应用实践表明,膜生物反应器固液分离效果好、污泥负荷高、可截留大分子难降解有机物、剩余污泥产量低、占地面积小、易于实现自动化,在垃圾渗滤液处理领域具有很好的应用前景。根据工程实际经验,针对膜生物反应器在渗滤液处理工程中的应用,提出工程设计和运行控制方面的建议。     

建设项目和园区环境管理存在的问题及应对措施

目前我国环境管理在很多方面都取得了进步,但是还需要为了社会的发展和人与自然和谐相处做更多的努力。因为环境管理问题不仅关系到经济,还关系到我们的生活,甚至子孙后代的生存。本文从现实出发,分析了建设项目和园区环境管理中存在的问题,并提出相应的解决对策,以期为建设项目和园区环境管理构建科学的管理体系,促进建设项目和园区的科学发展。     

The potential of cropland soil carbon sequestration in the Loess Plateau, China

It is generally accepted that cropland soils could be managed to store significant carbon (C), however little information is available regarding the cropland soil C sequestration potential of the Loess Plateau in northern China. This study aimed to estimate the cropland soil C sequestration potential in this area using the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) method with region-specific C stock change factors. The results show that the C sequestration potential can reach 6.054 Tg C yr^?1 (1Tg?=?10¹² g) in cropland soils of the Loess Plateau using techniques that are currently available (no-tillage and high residue incorporation). Although the results show a high degree of uncertainty in this estimate with 95 % confidence interval ranges from 2.623 to 11.94 Tg C yr^?1, our study suggests that cropland soil C sequestration could play a meaningful role in helping to mitigate greenhouse gas increases in the Chinese Loess Plateau.     

拉萨市垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属特性分析及风险评价

焚烧是城市垃圾处理主流技术,飞灰作为垃圾焚烧主要污染物成为垃圾焚烧污染控制关键环节。采集拉萨市垃圾焚烧发电厂飞灰样品,分析了飞灰中重金属含量及浸出毒性特征,并采用改进的潜在风险评价法及健康风险评价法评价飞灰中重金属的潜在风险。结果表明:拉萨市飞灰中重金属含量较高,且Pb的浸出浓度超过GB 5085.3-2007《危险废物鉴别标准 浸出毒性鉴别》浸出液最高允许值的16倍。污染评价结果表明,拉萨市飞灰中Pb对环境具有极强的污染风险。健康风险评价结果表明,飞灰中重金属对人体的致癌风险在可接受范围内,但其非致癌风险值高于美国国家环境保护局(EPA)推荐的非致癌风险值(HQ ≤ 1),对人体具有较高的非致癌风险。其中 Pb对成人和儿童的非致癌风险值分别为3.8975和9.7458,是非致癌风险的主要贡献者。