钢筋混凝土结构抗火研究进展与趋势

火灾高温对钢筋混凝土结构材性有显著影响,极易造成结构损伤、破坏甚至倒塌。在大量阅读国内外文献的基础上,从建筑火灾发展过程研究、钢筋混凝土结构在火灾中的行为研究、钢筋混凝土结构抗火设计方法的研究、火灾后钢筋混凝土结构的损伤评估和加固方法的研究等4个方面对钢筋混凝土结构抗火研究进行了论述;总结了目前国内外钢筋混凝土结构抗火研究的主要进展及成果;指出了结构抗火研究尚存在的一些问题;最后,对结构抗火研究趋势进行了展望。     

建设项目业主安全管理刍议

多年来,作为建设项目管理者的主体,很多建设项目的业主没有充分意识到自身在安全管理中所起到的关键作用,没有尽到作为管理者应为安全工作所负的责任。大部分业主错误地认为,工程发包给承包商,把工程监督工作委托给监理单位后,自己越少参与越好。其实并非如此,在项目建设过程中,业主积极主动地参与安全管理是非常必要的,而且还能起到关键作用。     

Nitrogen loss through lateral seepage in near-trench paddy fields

A near-trench paddy field experiment with five urea application rates (0-360 kg N ha(-1) in 90-kg increments) was conducted on a paddy soil in the Taihu Lake Region of China to elucidate N losses through lateral seepage during three rice (Oryza sativa L.) growing seasons. The total N (Nt), NH4(+) -N, and NO3(-) -N concentrations in the lateral seepage water increased with increasing N rates. The seasonal Nt fluxes by lateral seepage varied from 6.8 to 25.6 kg N ha(-1) for urea application rates of 90 to 360 kg N ha(-1). Lateral seepage accounted for 4.7 to 6.6% of the Nt applied, implying that lateral seepage was an important pathway of N loss from near-trench paddy fields. The cumulative N loss via lateral seepage was significantly related to N fertilization rate (P = 0.05). Floodwater level was also identified as a main factor affecting N losses via lateral seepage from paddy fields, as indicated by a positive linear relationship (R2 = 0.43) between floodwater level and daily lateral flow during the flooded period (P = 0.05). Under the conditions of these experiments, a shallow floodwater depth of 50 mm, urea application rates of 90 kg N ha(-1) or less, and no rainfall within 1 wk after N application reduced N losses by lateral seepage from paddy fields.     

Theoretical study on the chemical properties of polybrominated diphenyl ethers

Density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) and B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ levels were performed to obtain the equilibrium structures, thermodynamic properties, and electron affinities (EA) of 14 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners in the gas phase. All congeners except for those of symmetric BDE are found to have two or more conformational isomers. The optimized geometries of the most stable conformational isomers are in agreement with recently published X-ray crystallographic data. The thermodynamic properties of the congeners with a given number of bromine substitutions are strongly dependent on the substitution pattern, whereas the EA values also depend on the number of bromine substitutions. The vertical electron affinities (EA(Ver)) calculated for the selected BDE congeners at the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ level are all positive except for di-BDEs, and are correlated with the initial reductive debromination rate constants obtained recently [Keum, Y.-S., Li, Q.X., 2005. Reductive debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by zerovalent iron. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 2280]. All adiabatic electron affinities (EA(Ada)) are positive, and suggest that the BDE congeners act as electron acceptors when reacting with receptors in living cells. The calculated EA(Ada) values differ considerably from those of EA(Ver) because of the large geometrical relaxation from the neutral to the anionic BDE congeners, highlighted by the lengthening of a C-Br bond. The elongated C-Br bond, which occurs at the alpha position, is directly involved in the debromination of n-bromodiphenyl to (n-1)-bromodiphenyl ethers in the reductive debromination experiments.     

Pedological characteristics of Mn mine tailings and metal accumulation by native plants

In southern China revegetation and ecological restoration of many abandoned Mn tailings has become a major concern. To determine the major constraints for plant establishment and evaluate the feasibility of remediation, a comparative study was conducted on Mn tailings and rhizosphere soils at the boundary of the tailings pond. Both tailings and rhizosphere soils had neutral to slightly alkaline pH and normal electrical conductivity. They were both enriched with organic matter (6.8-9.2%), total N (1.77-5.94 g kg(-1)), available P (41.78-73.83 mg kg(-1)) and K (146.7-906.9 mg kg(-1)), suggesting the tailings were a nutrient rich substrate for revegetation. Mn tailings were clay textured, while rhizosphere soils were silty loam or clay loam. The compaction and anoxic nature of Mn tailings were considered to be the major constraints for plant establishment. Total Mn (31903 mg kg(-1)), Cd (119 mg kg(-1)), Cu (126 mg kg(-1)) and Zn (2490 mg kg(-1)) in tailings were all at phytotoxic levels, but did not differ significantly from those in rhizosphere soils. In both tailings and rhizosphere soils, percentages of water- and DTPA-extractable metals were less than 1% and 2% of the total metal pools, respectively. Sequential extraction revealed that the majority of Mn, Cu and Zn were associated with the residual fraction, while the majority of Cd occurred as Fe-Mn oxides. The natural succession of plants around Mn tailings formed a distinctive metal-tolerant plant community, mainly comprising nine species such as Cynodon dactylon and Humulus scandens and so on. All species studied could be good candidates for revegetation of Mn tailings.     

高效降氰菌群的构建及降解特性

从筛选到的降氰菌中构建出了优于单一菌种降氰活性的复配菌群CNR.研究了该复合菌群的生长条件,探讨了温度、pH、接种量、氰化物初始浓度及降解时间等因素对CNR降氰的影响.研究表明,复配菌群CNR适应碱性环境,可降解高浓度氰化物(CN-11 000 mg/L),并对金属氰化物和脂肪族腈具有极强的降解能力.在有氧、pH 11、33 ℃和接种量10%条件下.含CN-11 000 ng/L培养液经60 h降解后,CN-1浓度降为0.49 mg/L,降氰率高达99.96%,达到国家一级排放标准.     

新型除磷混凝剂的研制与应用＊

实验以处理金属表面所产生的磷化废水为研究对象,系统地分析了在新型混凝剂的使用过程中,pH值、温度、石灰投入量、沉降时间、助剂A等因素对脱磷效果的影响。结果表明,含磷量为18mg/L、COD为300mg/L、SS为150mg/L、pH值为5.7～6.5的废水,石灰投入量为300mg/L、沉降时间为10min左右、温度为25℃、pH值调节至9.0、加入5mL助剂A处理后,废水中磷含量为0.25～0.35mg/L、COD为80mg/L、SS为60mg/L,满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)中的一级标准。