鸟粪石循环利用处理高氨氮废水的热解行为

为了循环利用鸟粪石处理高氨氮废水,探讨了鸟粪石煅烧与加碱热解的脱氮率,利用电镜扫描(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)对2种热解产物进行了分析。鸟粪石煅烧条件为:温度100～225℃,时间1～5 h;加碱热解条件为:温度60～95℃,时间0.5～4 h,加碱量OH-∶NH4+摩尔比值0.4～1.5。结果表明,虽然XRD分析显示2种热解产物都已失去鸟粪石的特征峰,但是鸟粪石加碱热解效果更好,最佳热解条件为:加碱量OH-∶NH4+摩尔比值1,温度90℃,时间2 h,鸟粪石脱氮率95%以上;加碱热解产物表面为多孔状,完全失去了晶体结构;煅烧热解鸟粪石脱氮率仅为80%左右,热解产物晶体结构破坏不完全。鸟粪石在最佳条件下热解循环处理高氨氮废水,可循环使用6次,氨氮去除率80%以上,出水磷浓度小于8 mg/L。     

醇对柴油微乳体系性能的影响

采用AOT为表面活性剂,不同碳链长度正构醇为助表面活性剂,通过稀释法制备了AOT/柴油/正构醇/水微乳体系。考察了醇与表面活性剂的质量比(r)和正构醇的碳链长度对柴油微乳体系的影响,对不同条件下制备的微乳体系的电导率(δ)、界面张力(γ)及运动粘度(μ)进行了表征。结果表明,采用正丁醇时,微乳体系会出现渗滤现象。采用其他醇时,微乳体系的最大增溶水量(W0)随碳链长度增加而减小,随r增大先增大后减小;随增溶水量(W)增加,δ增大直至达到稳定,γ减小,μ增大;随醇碳链长度增大,δ减小,γ、μ增大;随r增大,δ增大,γ、μ减小。采用正戊醇(r=0.4)时,微乳体系的W0最大,γ、μ均较小,柴油微乳液体系的性能较佳。     

Mn的氧化价态对Mn/γ-Al2O3催化剂催化臭氧氧化气相低浓度甲苯的影响

采用共沉淀法,以Al₂O₃为载体制备Mn/γ-Al₂O₃和Mn-Ce/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,并分别在N₂气氛和O₂气氛下焙烧。采用固定床连续流动反应器,研究所制备催化剂在室温条件下催化臭氧氧化甲苯的性能。通过XRD、XPS和FTIR等手段对催化剂的结构和组成进行表征。结果表明,Mn/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂具有良好的催化臭氧氧化甲苯和催化臭氧自身分解的性能,共沉淀法制备催化剂的最佳Mn负载量为20%。O₂气氛焙烧和Ce的加入,可以有效提高催化剂的活性和寿命。原因是O₂气氛焙烧和Ce的加入可以提高Mn的氧化价态。催化剂失活的主要原因是有机副产物在催化剂表面吸附堆积,失活催化剂在550℃、空气气氛下焙烧可恢复催化性能。     

混凝-砂滤-活性炭过滤-微滤-反渗透集成技术处理钒冶炼废水

针对在"低钠焙烧水浸提取偏钒酸钠-离子交换树脂提纯-氯化铵沉钒"生产钒工艺下产生的废水的高盐度,可生化性差,使用传统的方法难以达到排放标准等特点,提出了"混凝-砂滤-活性炭过滤-微滤-反渗透"集成技术处理钒冶炼废水。考察了混凝沉淀的最佳条件,同时重点探讨了操作压力、运行时间和pH等操作参数对膜运行效果的影响。反渗透出水的COD为20.7 mg/L,Cl-为176 mg/L,电导率为387μS/cm,除盐率达到99.4%,总铬、六价铬和总钒等重金属的去除率都达到99%以上,远远低于国家规定的排放标准,该出水能回用于大部分生产工序;浓缩液也能回用于成球工艺和烟气处理工序,实现了钒冶炼废水的零排放。具有比较可观的经济价值和广阔的应用前景。     

改性啤酒酵母及柑橘皮凝胶小球对铜的吸附性能

为有效去除污水中的铜离子并实现资源有效的利用,以啤酒酵母和柑橘皮为原料制备海藻酸钙固定啤酒酵母菌小球(SCA)、海藻酸钙固定柑橘皮小球(OPCA)及海藻酸钙固定柑橘皮及啤酒酵母菌复合小球(OPSCA),研究了其对铜离子的吸附和解吸性能。研究结果表明,3种吸附剂对铜离子吸附的最佳pH值为5.0,吸附量的大小顺序为:OPSCAOPCASCA。吸附动力学数据符合准二级动力学模型。吸附过程被内扩散步骤和外扩散步骤共同控制。Langmuir等温吸附模型能较好地模拟3种吸附剂的吸附数据,SCA、OPCA及OPSCA的理论最大吸附量分别为33.49、40.80和61.69 mg/g。3种吸附剂可利用0.1 mol/L的盐酸解吸再生,可循环使用3次以上。     

天然矿物组合材料渗透反应墙修复地下水镉污染

实验模拟地下环境,以天然矿物材料石灰石、海泡石和膨润土作为可渗透反应墙(PRB)填充材料,采用正交实验法设计了16种可渗透反应器,研究了天然矿物组合材料组配对污染地下水模拟液中镉污染的修复效果、出水pH、有效孔隙度和渗透系数的影响,同时对机理进行了分析。实验结果显示,组合材料对镉去除率达99.8%以上,石灰石对处理效果贡献最大,增加石灰石用量,处理效果明显改善,当石灰石含量为10%及更高时,对含镉1.0 mg/L的污染地下水模拟液处理后镉浓度低于0.7μg/L,达到地下水质量标准GB/T 14848-93规定的II类水质标准;石灰石用量的增加对渗透系数影响不大,但出水pH呈弱碱性(7pH9),随反应时间延长逐渐降低并稳定于8。增加海泡石和膨润土用量对处理效果改善作用不大,但显著降低体系渗透系数,影响透水性。以正交实验直观分析法计算得到修复效果最优的PRB填充材料组配为石灰石/海泡石/膨润土=20/10/2(质量分数)。     

微波无极紫外光催化降解茜素绿的性能研究及产物分析

以微波无极紫外灯为光源,P25型Ti O2为催化剂,研究了微波反应器中茜素绿(AG)的光催化降解性能,考察了染料初始浓度及p H对降解效率的影响,利用ESI电子喷雾质谱和离子色谱测定了茜素绿降解的中间产物,并对产物的可生化性进行了分析。结果表明,微波/紫外/二氧化钛体系拓宽了染料浓度和p H的适用范围。降解后生成了大量小分子物质,可生化性得到了大幅度的提高,BOD5/COD值从反应前的0.0959增加到了0.40。     

Field controlled experiments on the physiological responses of maize (Zea mays L.) leaves to low-level air and soil mercury exposures

Thousands of tons of mercury (Hg) are released from anthropogenic and natural sources to the atmosphere in a gaseous elemental form per year, yet little is known regarding the influence of airborne Hg on the physiological activities of plant leaves. In the present study, the effects of low-level air and soil Hg exposures on the gas exchange parameters of maize (Zea mays L.) leaves and their accumulation of Hg, proline, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were examined via field open-top chamber and Hg-enriched soil experiments, respectively. Low-level air Hg exposures (<50 ng m^?3) had little effects on the gas exchange parameters of maize leaves during most of the daytime (p?>?0.05). However, both the net photosynthesis rate and carboxylation efficiency of maize leaves exposed to 50 ng m^?3 air Hg were significantly lower than those exposed to 2 ng m^?3 air Hg in late morning (p?<?0.05). Additionally, the Hg, proline, and MDA concentrations in maize leaves exposed to 20 and 50 ng m^?3 air Hg were significantly higher than those exposed to 2 ng m^?3 air Hg (p?<?0.05). These results indicated that the increase in airborne Hg potentially damaged functional photosynthetic apparatus in plant leaves, inducing free proline accumulation and membrane lipid peroxidation. Due to minor translocation of soil Hg to the leaves, low-level soil Hg exposures (<1,000 ng g^?1) had no significant influences on the gas exchange parameters, or the Hg, proline, and MDA concentrations in maize leaves (p?>?0.05). Compared to soil Hg, airborne Hg easily caused physiological stress to plant leaves. The effects of increasing atmospheric Hg concentration on plant physiology should be of concern.     

Effects of submerged macrophytes on the abundance and community composition of ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes in a eutrophic lake

Abundances and community compositions of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in unvegetated sediment and the rhizosphere sediments of three submerged macrophytes (Ceratophyllum demersum, Vallisneria spinulosa, and Potamogeton crispus) were investigated in a large, eutrophic freshwater lake, Lake Taihu. Abundances of archaeal ammonia monooxygenase alpha-subunit (amoA) gene (from 6.56?×?10⁶ copies to 1.06?×?10⁷ copies per gram of dry sediment) were higher than those of bacterial amoA (from 6.13?×?10⁵ to 3.21?×?10⁶ copies per gram of dry sediment) in all samples. Submerged macrophytes exhibited no significant effect on the abundance and diversity of archaeal amoA gene. C. demersum and V. spinulosa increased the abundance and diversity of bacterial amoA gene in their rhizosphere sediment. However, the diversity of bacterial amoA gene in the rhizosphere sediments of P. crispus was decreased. The data obtained in this study would be helpful to elucidate the roles of submerged macrophytes involved in the nitrogen cycling of eutrophic lake ecosystems.     

铈离子光催化降解茜素绿的性能和机理

主要研究了简单铈离子（Ce3＋）在紫外光（uv）的作用下对蒽醌染料茜素绿（AG）的光催化降解效果和反应机理。结果表明,UV／Ce3＋体系能够有效降解AG,初始反应速率随AG浓度的倒数值和Ce3＋浓度的增加而线性增加,随初始溶液pH的增加先降低后增加,在酸性条件下有很高的TOC去除率。荧光探针实验表明,反应过程中可以产生·OH自由基。UV／Ce3＋体系对其他类型染料和对硝基苯酚都有较好的降解效果。