Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in riverine runoff of the Pearl River Delta, China: assessment of mass loading, input source and environmental fate

A large-scale sampling program was conducted to simultaneously collect water samples at the eight major riverine runoff outlets of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China to assess the importance of riverine runoff in transporting anthropogenic pollutants from terrestrial sources to the coastal ocean. The concentrations of ∑₂₁OCPs (sum of 21 OCP components) and ∑₂₀PCBs (sum of 20 PCB congeners) were 2.57-41.2 and 0.12-1.47 ng/L, respectively. Compositional distributions of DDTs suggested the possibility of new input sources in the study area, but contributions from dicofol seemed considerably low. The annual inputs of ∑₂₁OCPs and ∑₂₀PCBs were 3090 and 215 kg, with those of total HCHs and DDTs being 1110 and 1020 kg, respectively. A mass balance consideration indicated that riverine runoff is the major mode carrying OCPs from the PRD to the coastal ocean, and the majority of OCPs is further dissipated to open seas.     

城市生活垃圾堆肥试验装置的设计

堆肥装置是研究堆肥过程中各种参数变化和获取优化参数的必不可少的工具.本文从堆肥维持其温度的先决条件出发,并在大量调研的基础上确定了实验室好氧发酵装置的合理尺寸、渗沥水收集和回喷系统、布气系统等.该装置的尺寸为长1 m,宽0.5 m,高0.6 m,堆料的高度为0.48 m;根据垃圾样品的理化性质,确定了渗滤液回喷的时间为116 s、鼓风机的风量为0.055 m3/min,风压为300 Pa,并且对其引入自动控制设备,使通风工作5 min、休息35 min.最后利用生活垃圾堆肥试验验证该装置满足堆肥的一次发酵要求.该装置采用自动控制系统,布水、布气均匀,保温效果好,发酵过程温度测定方便快捷,而且还有功率消耗小、臭气集中易于处理的优点.     

新型无极紫外灯的光氧化性能研究

本实验对新型无极紫外灯的发射光谱、不同波长光线在溶液中的传播、·OH和O3的生成量、活性艳红X-3B溶液的降解情况进行了测定,并与普通中压汞灯进行了比较.结果表明,无极紫外灯在紫外区光强约为相近功率的普通中压汞灯的20倍;在溶液中紫外光比可见光更易被吸收;·OH生成与溶液对短波长光子的吸收存在对应关系,本实验中无极紫外灯的最大氧化距离约为6 cm;O3的生成量随着空气曝气量或254 nm处的光强的增大呈指数增加;降解活性艳红X-3B溶液的过程符合负一级动力学关系,降解效果明显好于普通中压汞灯,并且证明了无极紫外灯与生成的臭氧在活性艳红X-3B的降解过程中存在协同作用.     

Enhanced adsorption of hexavalent chromium by a biochar derived from ramie biomass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Boehmeria nivea</Emphasis> (L.) Gaud.) modified with β-cyclodextrin/poly(L-glutamic acid)

This paper explored biochar modification to enhance biochar’s ability to adsorb hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution. The ramie stem biomass was pyrolyzed and then treated by β-cyclodextrin/poly(L-glutamic acid) which contained plentiful functional groups. The pristine and modified biochar were characterized by FTIR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, specific surface area, and zeta potential measurement. Results indicated that the β-cyclodextrin/poly(L-glutamic acid) was successfully bound to the biochar surface. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the kinetics, isotherm, thermodynamics, and adsorption/desorption of Cr(VI). Adsorption capacities of CGA-biochar were significantly higher than that of the untreated biochar, and its maximum adsorption capacity could reach up to 197.21 mg/g at pH 2.0. Results also illustrated that sorption performance depended on initial solution pH; in addition, acidic condition was beneficial to the Cr(VI) uptake. Furthermore, the Cr(VI) uptake was significantly affected by the ion strength and cation species. This study demonstrated that CGA-biochar could be a potential adsorbent for Cr(VI) pollution control.     

粉煤灰深度处理低浓度的磷

为了探讨低浓度磷吸附的方法,比较了粉煤灰、煤质活性炭和粉煤灰碎砖块颗粒这3种价廉易得的吸附材料的除磷效果。经对比确定以粉煤灰为吸附剂,研究了反应时间、粉煤灰投加量以及溶液p H对深度除磷效果的影响。同时为了解粉煤灰高效除磷原理,利用SEM和XRD对其表面形状、所含元素及其内部结构进行了表征。结果表明,粉煤灰比煤质活性碳和粉煤灰砖砖块颗粒的除磷效果更好,去除率高达98.9%;SEM和XRD表征结果显示,由于粉煤灰表面积较大、表面能高、含有Si—O—Si和Si—O—Al—O偶极键及铝、铁和钙的氧化物,使得粉煤灰对低浓度的磷有着高效的去除率;吸附磷后的粉煤灰表面形成了一层絮状物,经EDS分析显示其组成以钙磷沉淀为主;1 g粉煤灰对1 mg/L的磷酸盐溶液在p H=10、反应时间60 min时表现出最佳吸附性能。     

油茶籽饼粕有机脱毒及作猪饲料的营养价值

本文通过对油茶饼粕脱毒和营养成分的研究,结合含15%脱毒茶饼试验日粮作喂猪试验,得到当浸提次数 n=5次时,饼粕中皂素含量小于3%,喂猪的适口性好,且无毒理反应,脱毒茶饼中蛋白质含量达23.04%,可作为蛋白质饲料进行开发。     

长江中下游地下水中Cr,V,Co的形成及分布规律

以丰富的实际资源，论证了地下水中Ｃｒ、Ｖ、Ｃｏ元素的形成，含量及其分布规律，除了与地下水的含水介质成分有关外，主要爱乔石和氧化还原环境的控制。