微波解吸活性炭中CS_2实验研究

实验研究了微波功率、微波加热时间、载气流速等对CS2解吸过程的影响,得出了影响CS2解吸的基本规律和最佳解吸条件,结果发现600 W微波功率,300 mL/min载气流速下解吸较快较好。     

不同预处理对电镀污泥电动过程的影响

以风干电镀污泥为电动处理试验材料,水为阳极电解液,柠檬酸-柠檬酸铵缓冲液为阴极电解液,施加25 V直流电压条件下电动运行5 d,研究了水、低浓度木钙和硝酸等预处理对电镀污泥电动过程的影响。结果表明,各处理的阴极电解液pH值变化平稳,都维持在3-3.5较理想的范围。而1%木钙、1%硝酸饱和预处理电镀污泥,明显改变了电动过程中电渗流和电流密度的大小,对电镀污泥Cu、Ni的去除率也有明显增加。其中,木钙、硝酸预处理后对Cu的去除率由对照的13.24%分别提高到19.05%和25.55%,即去除量分别增大3 516.35 mg/kg和7 457.62 mg/kg;木钙、硝酸预处理后对Ni的去除率由对照的14.68%分别提高到16.47%和28.85%,即去除量分别增大800.91 mg/kg和6 359.92 mg/kg。     

垃圾填埋场区域地下水铅的修复方案比选:以拉萨市为例

拉萨市垃圾填埋场随着使用年限的增长,填埋场区域地下水中重金属铅的含量偏高。为了更好地保护地下水,采用物理屏蔽法、抽出处理法和原位修复法作为修复方案。运用AHP-TOPSIS方法来选取最佳修复方案:先通过AHP层次分析法确定权重,选取了建设条件、经济条件、技术条件、环境条件、污染物特征、水化学特征6个指标体系来建立层次分析模型;然后采用TOPSIS接近理想目标的排序方法对修复方案的选取进行优劣排序分析。结果表明:2种方法综合分析得到的权重值由大到小的顺序为原位修复法、物理屏蔽法、抽出处理法,最后确定原位修复技术更加适合于该场区地下水修复。     

Relationships of ozone formation sensitivity with precursors emissions, meteorology and land use types, in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China

Due to the influences of precursors emissions, meteorology, geography and other factors, ozone formation sensitivity (OFS) is generally spatially and temporally heterogeneous. This study characterized detailed spatial and temporal variations of OFS in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) from 2012 to 2016 based on OMI satellite data, and analyzed the relationships of OFS with precursors emissions, meteorology and land use types (LUTs). From 2012 to 2016, the OFS tended to be NO_x-limited in GBA, with the value of FNR (HCHO/NO₂) increasing from 2.04 to 2.22. According to the total annual emission statistics of precursors, NO_x emissions decreased by 33.1% and VOCs emissions increased by 35.2% from 2012 to 2016, directly resulting in OFS tending to be NO_x-limited. The Grey Relation Analysis results show that total column water (TCW), surface net solar radiation (SSR), air temperature at 2 m (T2) and surface pressure (SP) are the top four meteorological factors with the greatest influences on OFS. There are significant positive correlations between FNR and T2, SSR, TCW, and significant negative correlations between FNR and SP. In GBA, the OFS tends to be NO_x-limited regime in wet season (higher T2, SSR, TCW and lower SP) and VOCs-limited regime in dry season (lower T2, SSR, TCW and higher SP). The FNR displays obvious gradient variations on different LUTs, with the highest in “Rural areas”, second in “Suburban areas” and lowest in “Urban areas”.     

磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球对水中Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能

以壳聚糖为原材料,通过原位共沉淀法和柠檬酸钠交联法制备了一种新型多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球吸附剂CS-citrate/Fe₃O₄.利用扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、热重分析（TG）对吸附剂进行了表征.结果表明,吸附剂内部具有发达的孔隙结构,并均匀分布有平均直径为（4.79±1.09）nm的Fe₃O₄纳米颗粒;吸附剂中引入Fe₃O₄后,仍存在羟基、氨基和羧基等功能基团,且吸附剂磁性良好可用于磁场分离;吸附剂对Pb（Ⅱ）的吸附等温线和动力学研究表明,吸附过程以化学吸附为主,最大吸附容量可达178.25mg/g.     

Source apportionment of PM2.5 light extinction in an urban atmosphere in China

Haze in China is primarily caused by high pollution of atmospheric fine particulates (PM_2.5). However, the detailed source structures of PM_2.5 light extinction have not been well established, especially for the roles of various organic aerosols, which makes haze management lack specified targets. This study obtained the mass concentrations of the chemical compositions and the light extinction coefficients of fine particles in the winter in Dongguan, Guangdong Province, using high time resolution aerosol observation instruments. We combined the positive matrix factor (PMF) analysis model of organic aerosols and the multiple linear regression method to establish a quantitative relationship model between the main chemical components, in particular the different sources of organic aerosols and the extinction coefficients of fine particles with a high goodness of fit (R² = 0.953). The results show that the contribution rates of ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA), secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and black carbon (BC) were 48.1%, 20.7%, 15.0%, 10.6%, and 5.6%, respectively. It can be seen that the contribution of the secondary aerosols is much higher than that of the primary aerosols (79.4% versus 20.6%) and are a major factor in the visibility decline. BBOA is found to have a high visibility destroying potential, with a high mass extinction coefficient, and was the largest contributor during some high pollution periods. A more detailed analysis indicates that the contribution of the enhanced absorption caused by BC mixing state was approximately 37.7% of the total particle absorption and should not be neglected.     

Effects of soil properties on production and bioaccumulation of methylmercury in rice paddies at a mercury mining area, China

Rice paddy soil is recognized as the hotspot of mercury(Hg) methylation, which is mainly a biotic process mediated by many abiotic factors. In this study, effects of key soil properties on the production and bioaccumulation of Hg and methylmercury(MeHg) in Hg-contaminated rice paddies were investigated. Rice and soil samples were collected from the active Hg smelting site and abandoned Hg mining sites(a total of 124 paddy fields) in the Wanshan Mercury Mine, China. Total Hg(THg) and MeHg in soils and rice grains, together with sulfur(S),selenium(Se), organic matter(OM), nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), mineral compositions(e.g., SiO_2, Al_2O_3 and Fe_2O_3) and pH in soils were quantified. The results showed that long-term Hg mining activities had resulted in THg and MeHg contaminations in soil-rice system. The newly-deposited atmospheric Hg was more readily methylated relative to the native Hg already in soils, which could be responsible for the elevated MeHg levels in soils and rice grains around the active artificial Hg smelting site. The MeHg concentrations in soils and rice grains showed a significantly negative relationship with soil N/Hg, S/Hg and OM/Hg ratio possibly due to the formation of low-bioavailability Hg–S(N)–OM complexes in rhizosphere. The Hg–Se antagonism undoubtedly occurred in soil-rice system, while its role in bioaccumulation of MeHg in the MeHg-contaminated rice paddies was minor. However, other soil properties showed less influence on the production and bioaccumulation of MeHg in rice paddies located at the Wanshan Mercury Mine zone.     

基于响应面法优化活性炭处理含镉废水工艺的研究

以广西河池市某工厂含镉废水为研究对象,开展了活性炭吸附法处理含镉废水的研究。在单因素实验结果基础上,选取活性炭用量、温度和时间进行三因素三水平的中心组合设计实验和响应面分析。研究结果表明活性炭去除废水中镉的最佳工艺条件是:当废水中镉的初始浓度为25.1 mg/L时,活性炭用量为1.58 g/100m L,温度为28.09℃,时间为1.53 h,在此条件下镉的去除率可达到97.55%。     

哈尔滨市磨盘山水源地环境状况评估与保护对策研究

磨盘山水库作为哈尔滨市城区主水源,确保其水源地环境安全是我市重要的民生保障。以《集中式饮用水水源地环境保护状况评估技术规范》(HJ 774-2015)为依据,对哈尔滨市磨盘山水源地2016年环境状况进行了评估。结果表明,磨盘山水源2016年度综合评估得分为98.13分,属于优秀水源。取水保证状况评估得分10分,评估结果属于优秀;水源达标状况得分60分,评估结果属于优秀;管理状况评估得分28.125分,评估结果属于优秀。针对评估结论提出了相应的保护对策,为哈尔滨市磨盘山水源地保护和环境管理工作提供了科学依据。     

水环境非突发性风险浅析

对水环境中事实上存在但尚未引起人们足够重视的一类风险，非突发性风险，作了简要的概述。主要讨论了关于非突发性风险的发生、特征、影响因素及研究目的，并为考虑非突发性风险的水质规划提供了一个新的科学依据。