不同反胶束体系萃取纤维素酶的条件优化对比研究

采用3种不同的表面活性剂双(2-乙基己基)磺基琥珀酸钠AOT、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵CTAB及鼠李糖脂RL)溶于正己醇/异辛烷相构建不同的反胶束体系,并对比研究了不同反胶束体系萃取纤维素酶的优化条件.分别探讨了水相pH值、表面活性剂浓度、离子强度和离子种类对纤维素酶萃取效率的影响.实验结果如下:在实验条件下,AOT、CTAB和RL 3种反胶束体系水相最佳pH值分别为3.0、8.0和3.0;表面活性剂最佳浓度依次为:AOT 23.7mmol/L、CTAB 15mmol/L和RL 2.75mmol/L;水相中NaCl浓度会影响纤维素酶的萃取率,3种表面活性剂构建的反胶束体系萃取纤维素酶的萃取率均随着盐离子浓度的增大而降低;水相中离子种类也会影响纤维素酶的萃取率.比较不同反胶束体系在最佳条件下萃取纤维素酶的最佳萃取率:CTAB>AOT>RL.     

Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of a mangrove forest affected by forest fire

Surface soils affected by forest fires from Igbanko mangrove forest in Nigeria were analyzed for 16 EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The total PAHs concentrations in the soils ranged from 63 to 188?µg?kg^?1 dry weight (average: 108?µg?kg^?1). The three predominant PAHs in the soils were naphthalene (Na), fluoranthene (Flu), and benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF). Compared to the control sample (19?µg?kg^?1), elevated PAHs concentrations were observed in the soils, an indication of some level of PAHs contamination. PAHs source diagnostic ratios of Flu/(Flu?+?Pyr) and Ant/(Ant?+?Phe) indicated that the PAHs have a pyrogenic origin which may have resulted from combustion of grass, wood, or coal. An assessment based on Canadian soil quality guidelines indicated that the studied locations do not pose any serious adverse risk on human health.     

Characterization of submicron aerosols in the urban outflow of the central Pearl River Delta region of China

Submicron aerosol particles (with aerodynamic diameters less than 1 μm, PM₁) were sampled and measured in Heshan, an urban outflow site of Guangzhou megacity in Pearl River Delta in South China, using an Aerodyne High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) in November 2010 during 2010 Guangzhou Asian Games. The mean PM₁ mass concentration measured was 47.9±17.0 μg·m^-3 during the campaign, with organic aerosol (OA) and sulfate being the two dominant species, accounting for 36.3% and 20.9% of the total mass, respectively, followed by black carbon (17.1%, measured by an aethalometer), nitrate (12.9%), ammonium (9.6%) and chloride (3.1%). The average size distributions of the species (except black carbon) were dominated by an accumulation mode peaking at ~550 nm. Calculations based on high-resolution organic mass spectrum showed that, C, H, O and N on average contributed 58.1%, 7.3%, 30.7%, and 3.9% to the total organic mass, respectively. The average ratio of organic mass over organic carbon mass (OM/OC) was 1.73±0.08. Four components of OA were identified by the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis, including a hydrocarbon-like (HOA), a biomass burning (BBOA) and two oxygenated (SV-OOA and LV-OOA) organic aerosol components, which on average accounted for 18.0%, 14.3%, 28.8% and 38.9% of the total organic mass, respectively.     

Cement-based solidification/stabilization of contaminated soils by nitrobenzene

The cement-based solidification/stabilization (S/S) of nitrobenzene (NB) contaminated soils, with cement and lime as binders, sodium silicate solution and powder activated carbon (PAC) as additives, was optimized through an orthogonal experiment, and S/S efficiency was estimated by both leaching test and volatilization measurement. The leaching test results showed that the factors affecting S/S efficiency were NB concentration, cement-to-lime ratio and binder-to-soils ratio, in sequence. With increasing curing time, the leaching concentration of NB between different levels of the same factor in the orthogonal experiment decreased, and less than 9% NB leached out from the 28 d cured samples. The volatilization measurement results indicated that 0.5‰ of NB was volatilized during the mixing and curing processes for the samples without PAC in the 28 d cycle, whereas adding 2 wt% and 5 wt% PAC, with respect to the weight of contaminated soils, could reduce NB volatilization to half of its original values either during the mixing or curing process. The optimizing formula, that is, contaminated soils (dry weight):cement:lime= 100:25:25, with 5 wt% additional sodium silicate and 2 wt% additional PAC, was applied to the engineering application of NB contaminated soils. Both the leaching test results of the product and the ambient air quality monitoring results met related regulations during the treating process.     

造纸废水短流程动态平衡水循环利用工艺

斜网脱水机、洗浆机及抄纸机产生的废水短流程逆向分段回用于水力碎浆机、配浆池和成浆池,同时在纸机抄造系统中加入与废水蒸发量相当的新鲜水,实现了废水动态平衡与短流程循环利用"零"排放的目标。河南滑县光明纸业责任有限公司采用该工艺以来,每年可节约水资源61万t,减排COD量为43 t,年减少污泥量510 t,故该工艺具有良好的应用前景。     

福建三钢气烧石灰窑烟气除尘技术

总结了气烧石灰窑烟气除尘的3种技术方案及使用效果,并重点推出了一项达到欧洲排放标准的烟气除尘新技术。     

固体吸附剂控制燃煤重金属排放的实验研究

在滴管炉上进行了烟煤添加固体吸附剂的燃烧实验研究了硫酸钙、石灰石、铝土矿3种吸附剂对重金属元素Pb、Cd、Cu、Co、Ni排放的控制,并采用形态逐级提取法,将排放颗粒物中重金属分为吸附态、离子可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、硫酸盐结合态和残渣态从粗粒灰渣及细微粒子中重金属元素含量的分布和细微粒子中残渣态稳定形态含量增加2个方面说明添加吸附剂对煤中重金属的排放具有一定的捕获力.对不同的重金属,由于吸附剂本身物理化学特性的差异,所表现出的吸附能力也各不相同.硫酸钙对Pb、Cd、Cu的排放有控制作用;石灰石对Pb、Cd、Cu、Nj的排放有控制作用;铝土矿对5种重金属元素的排放都有控制作用吸附剂粒径越小,对重金属的吸附效果越好.     

Composition of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in five wetland plants and sediments from the Pearl River estuary,South China

This study sampled five plant species and adjoining sediments from the Qi’ao (Zhuhai) and Nansha (Guangzhou) coastal wetlands located in the Pearl River estuary, South China. The compositions of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes as well as the content of carbon and nitrogen in the samples were analysed. Differences in carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio, and habitat feature were compared between exotic plants (Spartina alterniflora, Sonneratia apetala, and Laguncularia racemosa) and native mangroves (Aegiceras corniculatum and Acrostichum aureum). The results showed that for Qi’ao, which is nearer the sea, the conductivity of the sediments at this location was approximately two times higher than that at Nansha (more inland). The composition of both δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N in sediments was also higher at Qi’ao (?26.52‰ to ?23.83‰ and 6.25‰ to 11.53‰, respectively) as compared to Nansha (?29.30‰ to ?27.43‰ and 3.34‰ to 4.73‰, respectively). Overall, the exotic plants S. alterniflora and S. apetala at Qi’ao and S. apetala and L. racemosa at Nansha had an average δ¹⁵N composition significantly higher than that of the native plants A. corniculatum and A. aureum. This suggests that the three exotic plants employ a different mechanism of δ¹⁵N storage and utilisation as compared to the two native mangrove species, which may result in changes in ecological and biogeochemical processes in these coast wetlands.     

An integrated model for structure optimization and technology screening of urban wastewater systems

The conventional approach to wastewater system design and planning considers each component separately and does not provide the optimum performance of the entire system. However, the growing concern for environmental protection, economic efficiency, and sustainability of urban wastewater systems requires an integrated modeling of subsystems and a synthetic evaluation of multiple objectives. In this study, a multi-objective optimization model of an integrated urban wastewater system was developed. The model encompasses subsystems, such as a sewer system, stormwater management, municipal wastewater treatment, and a wastewater reclamation system. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) was used to generate a range of system design possibilities to optimize conflicting environmental and economic objectives. Information from a knowledge base, which included rules for generating treatment trains as well as the performance characteristics of commonly used water pollution control measures, was utilized. The trade-off relationships between the objectives, total water pollution loads to the environment, and life cycle costs (which consist of investment as well as operation and maintenance costs), can be illustrated using Pareto charts. The developed model can be used to assist decision makers in the preliminary planning of system structure. A benchmark city was constructed to illustrate the methods of multi-objective controls, highlight cost-effective water pollution control measures, and identify the main pressures on urban water environment.     

标准化测试种子发芽和根伸长毒性试验的基质应用研究

种子发芽和根伸长毒性试验是研究和评价新化学物质对陆生生物危害性的重要手段之一。为探究在标准化测试中能否使用非推荐基质,以及使用推荐基质时能否用灭菌法替代酸洗法处理石英砂,选取8种植物种子在5种基质中进行试验。结果表明,不同基质对种子发芽率的影响较小,但基质较低的养分含量和特殊的物理结构易对部分种子根长形成胁迫,甚至直接制约根系发育。生菜、水稻在5种基质中的发芽率和根长无显著性差异;绿豆、甘蓝、西瓜在酸洗石英砂中的根长分别为25.1、24.5、29.0 mm,在其余4种基质中根长显著缩短;青瓜在吸水纸和发芽纸中发芽率偏低,仅为83.3%;玉米在酸洗石英砂和灭菌石英砂中的发芽率和根长无明显差异,为100%/45.7 mm和93.3%/44.8 mm,其他基质中显著偏低。标准化测试条件下,以推荐的酸洗石英砂上各种子的发芽率和根长为评判依据,生菜和水稻试验可使用本研究中任意基质,绿豆、甘蓝和西瓜试验仅可使用酸洗石英砂作为基质,青瓜和玉米试验可使用干热灭菌法替代酸洗法处理石英砂,并且青瓜试验还可使用滤纸基质。以上结果为测试机构在工作实践中优化试验条件提供理论依据。