高效纤维素分解菌在蔬菜-花卉秸秆联合好氧堆肥中的应用

以滇池流域典型的蔬菜废物和花卉秸秆为堆肥原料,以本实验室筛选、保存的17株纤维素降解菌和1株购买的产黄纤维单胞菌(Cellulomonas Flavigena)为复合接种剂,对不同接种条件和控温条件下的联合堆肥中试进行了研究.实验结果表明,在一次发酵的初始阶段,以体积分数0.5%的接种量向堆肥中接种纤维素降解复合菌剂可有效提高发酵过程堆料中纤维素降解菌的种群密度,并使其迅速成为优势菌群,尤其是当堆体处于控温55℃的工况条件时,其菌群密度可保持在3.84×10⁹～1.80×10¹⁰CFU/g;在二次发酵的初始阶段,以体积分数1%的接种量接种,可有效提高二次发酵阶段堆温的回升.对堆料中木质素和纤维素含量以及堆肥终产物的粒径分布指标--过筛率的检测表明,接种的复合纤维素降解菌可有效地降解堆料中的木质纤维素,接种处理中纤维素的降解率比不接种处理高23.64%,接种处理堆肥终产物的过筛率(2.0 cm)比不接种处理高18.28%.研究表明,用纤维素降解复合菌剂进行二次接种二次发酵,能够有效地促进蔬菜-花卉秸秆联合好氧堆肥中物料的纤维素组分的降解,达到加快堆肥进程,提高堆肥品质的目的.     

Elevated atmospheric deposition and dynamics of mercury in a remote upland forest of southwestern China

Mt. Gongga area in southwest China was impacted by Hg emissions from industrial activities and coal combustion, and annual means of atmospheric TGM and PHg concentrations at a regional background station were 3.98 ng m⁻³ and 30.7 pg m⁻³, respectively. This work presents a mass balance study of Hg in an upland forest in this area. Atmospheric deposition was highly elevated in the study area, with the annual mean THg deposition flux of 92.5 μg m⁻² yr⁻¹. Total deposition was dominated by dry deposition (71.8%), and wet deposition accounted for the remaining 28.2%. Forest was a large pool of atmospheric Hg, and nearly 76% of the atmospheric input was stored in forest soil. Volatilization and stream outflow were identified as the two major pathways for THg losses from the forest, which yielded mean output fluxes of 14.0 and 8.6 μg m⁻² yr⁻¹, respectively.     

荧光化学传感器的制备及其在环境分析监测中的应用

随着荧光分析技术和传感技术的发展,荧光化学传感器已经成为一种重要的连续分析测量装置.它具有很高的选择性和灵敏度,可以实现对pH、溶解氧、含氮化合物、有毒害重金属离子、有机污染物进行实时和在线测定,因此在环境分析监测方面具有广泛的应用前景.简要介绍了荧光化学传感器的原理、制备及分类,综述了近年来荧光化学传感器的发展及其在环境分析监测中的最新研究成果,并探讨了荧光化学传感器在环境分析监测领域的应用前景和发展方向.     

青霉菌HHE-P7利用酱油废水产生微生物絮凝剂的研究

研究了微生物絮凝剂产生菌HHE-P7在酱油废水中产生微生物絮凝剂的絮凝特性。实验表明，酱油废水由于碳源丰富，是一种良好的培养基。HHE-P7菌最佳培养条件为：COD20000mg／L，K2HP041．0g／L，培养3d。最佳絮凝条件为在1L高岭土水中投加10～15mL微生物絮凝剂（MBF7），pH调至9，则絮凝率为90％以上；微生物絮凝荆在水系中主要起吸附架桥的作用。     

被动采样分析法用于空气监测优化布点的质量保证

用被动采样分析方法测定空气中SO2和NO2,在工作制度、人员、仪器等方面有严格的质量保证措施.膜片空白质控图表明,其方法和膜片是受控的,与自动监测系统对比,表明相关性良好.     

福建闽江沿岸土壤中多环芳烃含量、来源及健康风险评价

为研究福建省闽江沿岸土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的残留状况、潜在来源及健康风险,采集闽江沿岸16个土壤样品,利用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)分析其中16种PAHs含量,结果表明:研究区土壤中16种PAHs的总含量为70.70~1667.83μg/kg,平均值为480.28μg/kg,其沿闽江沿岸呈“W”型分布模式,具体表现为城市高于郊区的变化;PAHs以2~3环为主,其中萘(Nap)的含量最高.基于PAHs的特征比值和主成分回归结合分析,研究区土壤中PAHs主要是石化和燃烧混合污染源,其中化石燃料高温燃烧占41.45%,石油源及生物质燃烧占49.34%,煤燃烧占9.21%.PAHs总毒性当量浓度值(TEQ_BaP)为3.10~121.15μg/kg,平均值为36.71μg/kg,37.50%的采样点超过荷兰土壤标准目标参考值(33.00μg/kg),表明闽江沿岸土壤已经受到PAHs不同程度的污染.健康风险评价表明,研究区土壤中PAHs的致癌风险(ILCRs)在10^-8~10^-6间,说明其致癌风险较小.     

川西高海拔河流中溶解性有机质(DOM)紫外-可见光吸收光谱特征

溶解性有机质(DOM)对全球碳循环及气候变化具有重要意义.本文选取川西北4条高海拔河流,即杂谷脑河、抚边河及岷江(高山峡谷河流)与白河(高原河流),对其天然水体中有色溶解性有机质(CDOM)的紫外-可见光吸收光谱特征进行了研究与比较.结果表明,川西高海拔河流DOC变化范围为1.55~5.66 mg·L~(-1),CDOM(以a(355)表征)变化范围为0.96~6.31 m-1,荧光溶解性有机质(FDOM)(以lg Fn(355)表征)变化保持在2.08~2.83之间.与高山峡谷区河流比较,高原河流芳香性、疏水性特征常数SUVA254、SUVA260较高,吸光度之比E2/E3、光谱斜率S275~295及光谱斜率之比SR较低,揭示了高原河流CDOM芳香性较强、疏水性组分丰富、分子结构较为复杂;SUVA254、SUVA260分别与SR、S275~295呈显著负相关,表明白河由于高通量陆源腐殖质输入影响了CDOM特征.川西高原4条高海拔河流中SUVA254、SUVA260存在显著相关关系,表明芳香性结构普遍存在于河流CDOM疏水组分中.川西高原天然河流水体中CDOM与DOM的浓度之间总体上无直接关联,因为不同天然水体在DOM形成过程中,陆源DOC输入组分和强度及转化机制存在差异.研究结果对于揭示高海拔区域在全球变化背景下有机碳循环的区域效应等方面具有重要意义.     

东莞市城区地下空间空气质量状况探析研究

文章抽样调查了东莞市城区16处地下空间的空气质量状况,结果表明,地下通道、地下商业设施、公建类和住宅类地下停车场这四类地下空间的气态污染物CO、甲醛、O3、SO2的浓度日均值分别为0.385 mg/mN3、0.055 mg/mN3、0.046 mg/mN3和0.035 mg/mN3;其中,甲醛、O3平均污染指数明显高于CO、SO2,地下通道及地下商业设施的甲醛浓度接近标准值,地下通道部分时段点位出现了超标现象。     

Sulfur speciation and bioaccumulation in camphor tree leaves as atmospheric sulfur indicator analyzed by synchrotron radiation XRF and XANES

Analyzing and understanding the effects of ambient pollution on plants is getting more and more attention as a topic of environmental biology.A method based on synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy was established to analyze the sulfur concentration and speciation in mature camphor tree leaves (CTLs),which were sampled from 5 local fields in Shanghai,China.Annual SO2 concentration,SO42-concentration in atmospheric particulate,SO42-and sulfur concentration in soil were also analyzed to explore the relationship between ambient sulfur sources and the sulfur nutrient cycling in CTLs.Total sulfur concentration in mature camphor tree leaves was 766-1704 mg/kg.The mainly detected sulfur states and their corresponding compounds were +6 (sulfate,include inorganic sulfate and organic sulfate),+5.2 (sulfonate),+2.2 (suloxides),+0.6 (thiols and thiothers),+0.2 (organic sulfides).Total sulfur concentration was strongly correlated with sulfate proportion with a linear correlation coefficient up to 0.977,which suggested that sulfur accumulated in CTLs as sulfate form.Reduced sulfur compounds (organic sulfides,thiols,thioethers,sulfoxide and sulfonate) assimilation was sufficed to meet the nutrient requirement for growth at a balanced level around 526 mg/kg.The sulfate accumulation mainly caused by atmospheric sulfur pollution such as SO2 and airborne sulfate particulate instead of soil contamination.From urban to suburb place,sulfate in mature CTLs decreased as the atmospheric sulfur pollution reduced,but a dramatic increase presented near the seashore,where the marine sulfate emission and maritime activity pollution were significant.The sulfur concentration and speciation in mature CTLs effectively represented the long-term biological accumulation of atmospheric sulfur pollution in local environment.     

Distribution of heavy metals in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary, Southern China: Implications for sources and historical changes

The distribution of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd and As) in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary was investigated. The spatial distribution of heavy metals displayed a decreasing pattern from the turbidity maxima to both upstream and downstream of the estuary, which suggested that suspended sediments played an important role in the trace metal distribution in the Pearl River Estuary. In addition, metal concentrations were higher in the west part of the estuary which received most of the pollutants from the Pearl River. In the sediment cores, fluxes of heavy metals were consistent with a predominant anthropogenic input in the period 1970-1990. From the mid-1990s to the 2000s, there was a significant decline in heavy metal pollution. The observed decline has shown the result of pollution control in the Pearl River Delta. However, it is noteworthy that the metal concentrations in the most recent sediment still remained considerably high. Taken together, the enrichment of heavy metals in sediments was largely controlled by anthropogenic pollution.