重庆市夏秋季VOCs对臭氧和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势的估算

为估算重庆市夏秋季VOCs（挥发性有机物）对O₃和SOA（二次有机气溶胶）的生成潜势,利用在线GC-MS/FID在2015年8月22日-9月23日对重庆市区点和郊区点VOCs开展了为期一个月的实时观测,获得市区点和郊区点$ \varphi $（TVOCs）（总挥发性有机物）分别为41.35×10-9和22.72×10-9,其中市区点以烷烃（35.2%）和烯炔烃（25.2%）为主,郊区点以含氧挥发性有机物（oxygenated volatile organic compounds,OVOCs）（30.6%）和烷烃（26.0%）为主.结合最大增量反应活性量化市区点和郊区点VOCs的OFPs（臭氧生成潜势）分别为149.11×10-9和71.09×10-9,市区点OFPs最大的是乙烯、丙烯、甲苯、C8和C9的芳香烃等,郊区点OFPs最大的VOCs是丙烯醛、异戊二烯和甲基乙烯基酮.结合气溶胶生成系数量化郊区点和市区点VOCs对SOA的生成贡献分别为0.36和1.26 μg/m3,相比国内其余城市VOCs的SOAP（二次有机气溶胶生成潜势）较小,主要以甲基环己烷、正壬烷、正葵烷和十一烷等高碳烷烃,以及甲苯、苯、二甲苯和乙苯等芳香烃的SOAP为主.研究显示,控制烯炔烃和芳香烃的浓度有助于控制重庆市O₃的生成,控制高碳烷烃和芳香烃则有助于控制重庆市SOA的生成.      

高层建筑物火灾危险性分析方法的选择与应用

从方法的类别、评价目标、特点、优缺点以及适用范围等几个方面对目前采用较多的各种火灾危险性分析方法进行比较,总结归纳出每种分析方法的优缺点及其适用范围,并根据高层建筑物火灾的特性以及火灾危险性分析方法的选取原则,选用定量计算与定性分析相结合的方法对高层建筑物火灾危险性进行分析。首先利用层次分析法对高层建筑物火灾危险性所有评价指标的权重进行计算,得到权重值相对较高的评价指标,分别是火灾荷载、防火分区、安全管理制度、火灾自动报警系统、安全制度落实情况;然后利用预先危险性分析方法,从危险有害因素、事故触发条件、事故可能造成的后果、危险等级、事故预防措施这几个方面对以上权重值较高的评价指标进行详细分析。     

三种观测标准的霾日与空气污染日对比分析

目前气象观测业务和空气污染分析中存在对霾日统计的分歧,甚至出现空气污染日无霾的现象,对霾观测标准的科学划分,显得非常重要和紧迫。利用2013—2015年廊坊市气象观测站能见度、相对湿度、霾人工观测资料和廊坊市环保局AQI、PM25浓度等气象环保资料,对目前观测业务和空气污染分析中常用的三种霾观测、统计方法进行了对比分析。分析发现:目前廊坊气象观测站所依据的记录霾天气现象的标准,与实际大气污染相趋甚远,不能反映实际的空气污染状况,建议国家及省级相关部门及早根据实际情况,更新霾观测标准,更好地为当前大气污染的防治工作提供客观依据。     

不同曝气强度下SBR系统污染物去除及N_2O排放研究

为考察曝气强度对SBR(A/O)系统N2O产生量的影响,试验采用人工合成废水长期驯化2个月后的污泥,分别考察了在0.2,0.4,0.6L/min三个曝气强度下对污染物的去除情况及N2O的产生情况。结果表明:在三种曝气强度下磷酸盐的平均去除率均可达95%⁹8%,低曝气强度下N2O释放量明显高于中等曝气强度,高曝气强度下N2O释放量最大,0.4L/min曝气强度下污染物去除率最好N2O释放量低,因此确定为最佳曝气强度。     

不同石化污泥配比的堆肥处理对青梗菜生长的影响

试验针对石化污泥生物堆肥,开展了五种不同物料配比和是否添加微生物菌剂的对比试验。试验结果表明:随着堆肥物料中石化污泥配比的提高,堆肥的含水率增大,种植青梗菜的平均单株株高、株重减小,单位面积产量也降低。堆肥物料配比相同的处理Ⅱ与处理Ⅴ对比发现,堆肥处理过程中未添加微生物菌剂的处理Ⅴ的青梗菜的平均单株株高、株重、单位面积产量显著低于添加微生物菌剂的处理Ⅱ,甚至低于石化污泥配比为100%并添加微生物菌剂的处理Ⅳ,试验表明,堆肥过程中添加微生物菌剂,其作用不仅可以提高石化污泥生物堆肥的堆体温度,缩短堆肥周期,而且可提高堆肥在农业种植应用中的效果。     

Photocatalytic degradation of carbofuran in TiO2 aqueous solution：Kinetics using design of experiments and mechanism by HPLC/MS/MS

The photocatalytic degradation kinetics of carbofuran was optimized by central composite design based on response surface methodology for the first time. Three variables, TiO2 concentration, initial pH value and the concentration of carbofuran, were selected to determine the dependence of degradation efficiencies on independent variables. Response surface methodology modeling results indicated that the degradation efficiency of carbofuran was highly affected by the initial pH value and the concentration of carbofuran. Then nine degradation intermediates were detected by HPLC/MS/MS. The Frontier Electron Densities of carbofuran were calculated to predict the active sites on carbofuran attacked by hydroxyl radicals and photoholes. Point charges were used to elucidate the chemisorption pattern on TiO2 catalysts during the photocatalytic process. By combining the experimental results and calculation data, the photocatalytic degradation pathways of carbofuran were proposed, including the addition of hydroxyl radicals and the cleavage of the carbamate side chain.     

Eutrophication development and its key regulating factors in a water-supply reservoir in North China

Yanghe Reservoir is an important source of drinking water for Qinhuangdao City,North China;however,in recent decades this water source has been eutrophic with recurrent summer cyanobacterial blooms.The trophic grade of the system in summer was mesotrophiceutrophic in 1990 and became hypertrophic in 2011.The nutrient availability is extremely high during the entire year,and the water temperature should be the primary driver of the summer blooms.In May-October of 2010 and 2011,abrupt variations were observed in the Secchi depth(SD) and chlorophyll a(Chl-a),and both the correlated analysis of Chl-a-SD and trophic status indices(TSI) deviation(TSI Chl-a-TSI SD) showed that algal cell density dominated light attenuation.During the algal bloom outbreak,the microcystin concentration was found to vary between 0.35-2.12 μg/L in 2010 and 0.11-1.86 μg/L in 2011.The maximum microcystin content was more than two times the safety limit required for drinking water.Inflow discharges were most concentrated in the summer,with periods of lower residence time and the largest water level fluctuation over the entire year.When a high availability of nutrients promoted a high Chl-a concentration in the whole system,it appeared that the instability caused by the decrease in residence time could not produce effective changes in the cyanobacterial abundance.The results indicated that nutrient enrichment in the aquatic systems of Yanghe Reservoir is the most serious problem and that the status would not been modified effectively by increasing hydrological fluctuations(e.g.,decreasing the residence time).Therefore,decreasing the nutrient concentrations is the only route to improve the water quality of this reservoir.     

餐厨垃圾暗-光耦联发酵制氢研究

文章以餐厨垃圾为底物进行暗-光耦联发酵两步法制氢研究.探讨物料比、起始pH对暗发酵产氢的影响;温度、起始pH对光合发酵产氢的影响,得到如下结论.在暗发酵阶段,以餐厨垃圾为底物,在合适条件下产氢量可达25.18 mL/gVS.在光合发酵阶段,以暗发酵液为底物,在合适条件下产氢量可达34.62 mL/gVS.以餐厨垃圾为底物,两步联合制氢可达59.80 mL/gVS,为仅暗发酵产氢量的2.37倍.     

基于层次分析法（AHP）的环境绩效审计评价体系构建研究——以丽水市为例

文章构建了环境绩效审计综合评价指标体系,运用层次分析法确定指标体系的权重,对于提高环境绩效审计工作质量和效率具有重要意义。丽水市生态资金绩效审计的实证研究结果表明,指标体系评价结果能客观反映市县行政区实际,指明影响环境管理绩效的消极因素,能有效提高财政经费使用效益,充分发挥审计服务科学发展的作用。     

液态聚合氯化铝铁深度除磷的优化研究

以北京市生活废水为研究对象,考察了液态聚合氯化铝铁及与聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)协同作用下除磷效果及其影响因素。结果表明,液态聚合氯化铝铁与PAM复合作用时对除磷效果有一定的提高,明确了PAM的最佳投加量、最佳搅拌强度、最佳搅拌时间和pH,并得出了影响混凝效果因素的主次顺序为:pH值搅拌时间搅拌强度投加量。