模拟生物反应器加速产甲烷过程研究

渗滤液原液回灌易导致填埋垃圾产甲烷过程的滞后,从而对甲烷收集利用产生不利影响。通过3根实验室模拟生物反应器,研究了原液回灌(C1)、渗滤液好氧预处理后回灌(C2)和原液回灌+垃圾层上部通风曝气(C3)3种填埋方式下的填埋气产气规律。结果表明,C1甲烷浓度经历短暂上升,达到19.5%后开始逐渐降低,产甲烷速率和产甲烷总量均很低;C2甲烷浓度逐渐上升,在第121天时甲烷浓度达到50%,产甲烷最高速率和产甲烷总量分别为0.31 L/(kg·d)和25.2 L/kg。在停止上部垃圾层通风曝气后,C3甲烷浓度迅速上升,在81 d时甲烷浓度便达到50%以上,最大产甲烷速率和产甲烷总量分别为0.22 L/(kg·d)和16.0 L/kg。对各模拟柱填埋气可回收性评价结果表明,C3填埋气可回收利用比例最高,C2略低,C1在实验期间内则无可回收利用气体产生。     

荧光溶解性有机质EEMs的新旧自组织映射图解析方法比较研究

目前,对地表水体荧光溶解性有机质(Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter,FDOM)三维激发发射矩阵(Excitation-Emission Matrices,EEMs)数据的解析仍旧存在挑战.本文结合原始EEMs和从中分离的荧光平行因子分析(Parallel Factor Analysis,PARAFAC)组分,利用自组织映射图(Self-Organizing Maps,SOM),开展了基于传统EEMs-SOM和新型PARAFAC-SOM神经网络模型的复杂荧光数据解析能力对比研究,以此探索和改进EEMs多元解析方法技术体系.模型以已发表论文原始数据为基础构建,研究对象为南太湖重要入湖河流东苕溪水系.结果显示:EEMsSOM模型需依赖常规"摘峰法"对各荧光峰做出主观判断,不能有效识别重叠荧光峰,且人为割裂多激发共发射荧光物质峰之间的联系,从而弱化分析结果的实际环境意义,但神经元的模式荧光光谱可视化效果较佳,且操作简便,耗时较少;PARAFAC-SOM模型克服了上述缺陷,可清除EEMs中的噪声或无用信息,大幅降低输入变量数(从1742个降至4个),缩减运算时间,较大地改善了输出结果的准确性,获得无损可靠且实际环境意义较强的结果,但该法的PARAFAC预处理要求较高,工作量较大;两类模型解析结论大体一致,对前期研究进行了全新的阐述和补充,且生动揭示了FDOM在多级河流水体中的空间赋存变化规律及河流的动态污染过程.综上,推荐在今后研究中综合使用两类优势互补的模型以实现对EEMs的深度解析.     

核壳模型下黑碳的吸收对南京大气消光贡献研究

黑碳是气溶胶粒子中最重要的吸收性组分,对大气辐射过程、气候系统具有重要影响.理论上黑碳的光吸收能力除了与质量相关外,还与粒径分布、混合方式有关,由于黑碳粒子的不可溶性,核壳结构可能是含黑碳气溶胶粒子的重要存在形态.本研究利用2013年10月15日—11月13日的观测数据,结合κ-EC-米散射模型对核壳结构假设下的大气气溶胶的消光特性进行了定量分析,计算了核壳结构假设下气溶胶的吸收系数和吸收对消光的贡献,并对不同粒径段吸收系数随相对湿度增长的规律进行了分析.结果表明,观测期间吸收对消光的平均贡献在干态下为5.8%,而在环境相对湿度下只有3.4%,在所有粒径段消光系数随相对湿度都是显著增加的,而吸收系数的吸湿增长曲线与气溶胶粒径密切相关,小粒径段的吸收随相对湿度的增加而增加,而大粒径段的吸收随相对湿度的增加而减小,在不同粒径段的粒子综合作用下吸收随相对湿度变化不明显.     

Risk management in sustainable supply chain: a knowledge map towards intellectual structure,logic diagram,and conceptual model

The global spread of COVID-19, international trade protectionism, geopolitical conflicts, and climate change presents challenges and risks to sustainable supply chains (SSCs). In recent years, scholarly interest in sustainable supply chain risk management (SSCRM) has continued to rise. A helpful literature review is necessary to enable supply chain practitioners to apply empirical findings from academic research or conceptual frameworks to their operations to maintain the stability and competitiveness of sustainable supply chains. The knowledge map of SSCRM is explored in this study using both quantitative and qualitative analysis. A total of 793 articles were retrieved to reveal the knowledge map of SSCRM. Scientometric and context analysis are combined in quantitative analysis to identify the intellectual structure of risk management research related to SSC. Then, a critical review is conducted in qualitative analysis to summarize and analyze the motivations, strategies, approaches, and tools of SSCRM. Combining the quantitative and qualitative analysis results, a conceptual model is constructed for SSCRM from three aspects: (1) risk identification, (2) risk assessment, and (3) risk mitigating and responding. Finally, future research directions are suggested based on the conceptual model for guiding the theories and practice of SSCRM. This study can work as a roadmap for providing appropriate risk management policies and toolkits to SSC, which could advance theoretical thinking on how to mitigate SSC risks.

     

Graphene TiO2 nanocomposites with high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of sodium pentachlorophenol

A series of graphene–TiO2photocatalysts was synthesized by doping TiO2 with graphene oxide via hydrothermal treatment. The photocatalytic capability of the catalysts under ultraviolet irradiation was evaluated in terms of sodium pentachlorophenol（PCP-Na） decomposition and mineralization. The structural and physicochemical properties of these nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, N2adsorption–desorption, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectra, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The graphene–TiO2nanocomposites exhibited higher photocatalytic efficiency than commercial P25 for the degradation of PCP-Na, and 63.4% to 82.9% of the total organic carbon was fully mineralized. The improved photocatalytic activity may be attributed to the accelerated interfacial electron-transfer process and the significantly prolonged lifetime of electron-hole pairs imparted by graphene sheets in the nanocomposites. However,excessive graphene and the inhomogeneous aggregation of TiO2 nanoparticles may decrease photodegradation efficiency.     

Size distribution and composition of phosphorus in the East Tiao River, China: the significant role of colloids

The environmental risk of aquatic phosphorus (P) critically depends on its mobility and bioavailability, both of which are greatly affected by the size distribution and composition of P. The size distribution (particulate, colloidal and truly dissolved phase) of P, composed of molybdate reactive P (MRP) and molybdate unreactive P (MUP), was determined at twenty-three typical sections of the East Tiao River, China in the plum rain season. Results indicated particulate P was dominant followed by the truly dissolved P, while colloidal P was quantitatively the lowest in the whole river. From upstream to downstream, particulate P sharply increased, along with a slight decrease of truly dissolved P. However, colloidal P remained at a relatively stable level in the whole river, ranging from below detection limit to 0.025 mg L(-1), 0 to 13.4% of total P (TP). Furthermore, colloidal MRP exhibited a rising trend downriver as compared to upriver, with the notable transfer of MRP from the truly dissolved phase to particulate and colloidal phases. Particle concentration effect for colloids, observed in the study of MRP distribution, further corroborated the role of colloids in MRP solid/liquid partitioning. These observations, in this large-scale field investigation, fitted the "colloidal pumping" hypothesis. It may be concluded that colloids act as the intermediate and buffer in the dynamically balanced transfer of P from truly dissolved phase to large particulate phase, having a significant role in size distribution of P.     

Organic carbon sequestration in Chinese croplands under compost application and its contribution to carbon neutrality

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Achieving the carbon neutrality in China has great impact on alleviating global warming. Compost application, an important measure to promote soil...     

堆积体骨料比及土壤含水率对其稳定性影响的试验研究∗

堆积体失稳是较常见的滑坡灾害之一。以鹅卵石、碎石、南方红土为材料组成的堆积体为研究对象,通过测量堆积体临界坡度,分析了堆积材料组成比例及土壤含水率对其稳定性的影响。结果表明：（1）就堆积坡度而言,不同堆积坡度材料之间存在最不利组合（在单独堆积坡度较低的材料占比为80%时堆积体的临界坡度最低）;（2） 堆积体中含土率对堆积体临界坡度存在先减后增的影响,当含土率为20%时堆积体坡度最小;（3）堆积体中土壤的含水率对堆积体临界坡度存在先增后减的影响,当土壤含水率超过30%时负面影响明显;（4）混凝土流变仪测试得到的堆积材料的流动屈服应力与试验材料堆积稳定性存在正相关规律。     

某热电厂锅炉水冷壁爆管原因分析

针对某石化企业自备热电厂锅炉水冷壁管在运行期间发生的爆管事故,开展检验测试和原因分析。对爆管进行宏观检验发现其向火面外壁有过热特性,内壁无明显腐蚀现象。壁厚检测未发现明显减薄,渗透检测未发现缺陷,硬度检测未发现异常,化学成分分析符合国标要求。金相检验发现爆口边缘存在大量的黑色珠光体组织,爆管向火面的抗拉强度及伸长率不符合标准要求。测试结果表明,爆管与炉管长期过热和材质劣化无关,其主要原因为炉管出现短时过热,造成材料强度不足,在内压作用下发生爆管。