污泥厌氧消化技术的研究与进展

厌氧消化是目前国际上应用最为广泛的污泥稳定化和资源化的方法,随着全球性的能源危机以及各国可持续发展和环保法规的相继出台,该技术将有更加广阔的发展前景。阐述了厌氧消化的基本原理和应用情况,讨论了近年国外针对厌氧消化预处理技术和不同运行条件对厌氧消化反应效果的影响以及不同污泥处理工艺产能效果等方面研究成果及最新进展。     

Phosphorus recovery from municipal and fertilizer wastewater: China's potential and perspective

Phosphorus (P) is a limited resource, which can neither be synthesized nor substituted in its essential functions as nutrient. Currently explored and economically feasible global reserves may be depleted within generations. China is the largest phosphate fertilizer producing and consuming country in the world. China''s municipal wastewater contains up to 293,163 Mg year of phosphorus, which equals approximately 5.5% of the chemical fertilizer phosphorus consumed in China. Phosphorus in wastewater can be seen not only as a source of pollution to be reduced, but also as a limited resource to be recovered. Based upon existing phosphorus-recovery technologies and the current wastewater infrastructure in China, three options for phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge, sludge ash and the fertilizer industry were analyzed according to the specific conditions in China.     

黑龙江省绿化树种的选择

本文探讨了黑龙江省绿化树种选择的原则,并对主要的绿化树种作了简要的评价.     

城市建筑周边绿地景观格局优化方法研究

现有绿地景观格局优化方法,存在梯度变化不规律、边缘斑块密度不均等缺陷.针对该问题,提出基于窗口移动法的新型城市建筑周边绿地景观格局优化方法,通过确定研究区域与数据来源,以边缘斑块密度、梯度、绿地景观格局化指数为绿地景观格局化指数,确立研究方法.模拟研究环境设计实验结果表明,采用改进格局优化方法可改善城市建筑周边绿地景观格局梯度变化不规律问题;在特定空间分布状态下,还可避免边缘斑块密度不均的现象发生.     

Quantifying public health benefits of environmental strategy of PM2.5 air quality management in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, China

In 2013,China issued "Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan(Action Plan)" to improve air quality.To assess the benefits of this program in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region,where the density of population and emissions vary greatly,we simulated the air quality benefit based on Ben MAP to satisfy the Action Plan.In this study,we estimate PM_(2.5) concentration using Voronoi spatial interpolation method on a grid with a spatial resolution of 1 × 1 km~2.Combined with the exposure-response function between PM_(2.5) concentration and health endpoints,health effects of PM_(2.5) exposure are analyzed.The economic loss is assessed by using the willingness to pay(WTP) method and human capital(HC) method.When the PM_(2.5) concentration falls by 25% in BTH and reached 60 μg/m~3 in Beijing,the avoiding deaths will be in the range of 3175 to 14051 based on different functions each year.Of the estimated mortality attributable to all causes,3117 annual deaths were due to lung cancer,1924 – 6318 annual deaths were due to cardiovascular,and343 – 1697 annual deaths were due to respiratory.Based on WTP,the estimated monetary values for the avoided cases of all cause mortality,cardiovascular mortality,respiratory mortality and lung cancer ranged from 1110 to 29632,673 to 13325,120 to 3579,1091 to 6574 million yuan,respectively.Based on HC,the corresponding values for the avoided cases of these four mortalities were 267 to 1178,161 to 529,29 to 143 and 261 million yuan,respectively.     

紧凑型油水处理技术及设备

提出了集旋流分离、过滤分离、粗粒化分离以及重力分离技术于一体的紧凑型固-油-水分离技术，并研制了相应的装置，对重庆市的汽车摩托车制造、机械加工、汽车维修及储运油容器清洗产生的固-油-水混合物进行处理，保护长江、嘉陵江及三峡水库的生态环境，排放水含油量小于10mg／L；由于采用了高效旋流分离等技术，结构紧凑，非常适用于要求移动性好的场合；装置具有自动加热、自动排油和自动排水等功能，实现了无人职守，运行成本低。     

Catalytic dechlorination of chlorobenzene in water by Pd/Fe bimetallic system

IntroductionChlorinatedorganiccompoundshavebeenusedonalargescaleinthechemical,petrochemical,andelectronicindustries.Inrecentyears ,worldwideattentionhasbeengiventotheenvironmentalandhealthimpactofthemasaclassofcontaminants .Severalareknowntocauseozonedepletion ,whileothersproduceadverseeffectsonthehumancentralnervoussystemandhavebeenlinkedtodiseasessuchascancer.Almostallofthechlorinatedaromaticcompoundsaretoxicandthermallystable .Oncereleasedintoenvironment,theywillaccumulateinthesurroundings…     

Use of Preservative Agents and Antibiotics for Increased Poliovirus Survival on Positively Charged Filters

Environmental surveillance of poliovirus (PV) and other non-enveloped viruses can help identify silent circulation and is necessary to certify eradication. The bag-mediated filtration system is an efficient method to filter large volumes of environmental waters at field sites for monitoring the presence of viruses. As filters may require long transit times to off-site laboratories for processing, viral inactivation or overgrowth of bacteria and fungi can interfere with virus detection and quantification (Miki and Jacquet in Aquatic Microb Ecol 51(2):195–208, 2008). To evaluate virus survival over time on ViroCap^? filters, the filters were seeded with PV type 1 (PV1) and/or MS2 and then dosed with preservatives or antibiotics prior to storage and elution. These filters were stored at various temperatures and time periods, and then eluted for PV1 and MS2 recovery quantification. Filters dosed with the preservative combination of 2% sodium benzoate and 0.2% calcium propionate had increased virus survival over time when stored at 25 °C, compared to samples stored at 25 °C with no preservatives. While elution within 24 h of filtration is recommended, if storage or shipping is required then this preservative mixture can help preserve sample integrity. Addition of an antibiotic cocktail containing cephapirin, gentamicin, and Proclin^? 300 increased recovery after storage at 4 and 25 °C, when compared to storage with no antibiotics. The antibiotic cocktail can aid sample preservation if access to appropriate antibiotics storage is available and sample cold chain is unreliable. This study demonstrated that the use of preservatives or antibiotics is a simple, cost-effective method to improve virus detection from ViroCap cartridge filters over time.     

土地利用变化对贵州印江喀斯特小流域水体DIC含量及δ~(13)C_(DIC)的影响

以印江流域水体为研究对象,分别于2014年夏季和冬季采集印江河主干与支流表层水样品,测定并分析其基本物理化学参数、主量离子浓度和溶解性无机碳(DIC)含量及其碳同位素组成(δ~(13)C_(DIC)),结合流域内不同的气候条件和土地利用强度与方式等生态环境条件,对表层水体中DIC的来源及其时空变化特征进行探讨。结果表明:印江河流域表层水p H值呈中性到碱性,水化学组成主要受碳酸盐岩风化的控制,阳离子主要以Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)为主,阴离子主要以HCO-3为主,而且主量离子在冬夏季表现出较为显著的差异。印江河流域干、支流水体DIC和主量离子含量向下游总体呈现递增趋势,并随季节呈现夏低冬高的变化趋势,可能与研究区水体上游土地利用强度低而下游存在大量的农耕用地以及当地冬夏季降雨量差异有关。相比之下,印江河流域干流水体δ~(13)C_(DIC)均值为-10.39‰、支流水体δ~(13)C_(DIC)均值为-8.29‰,差异相对显著,反映了作为源头支流水体主要受碳酸盐岩风化影响,支流汇入干流水体过程周边土地利用强度增大、方式多样,影响较为明显。而且该流域干、支流水体δ~(13)C_(DIC)的季节性差异显著,支流水体DIC主要由于水-岩交换在冬季更加富集13C,而干流水体DIC则主要由于生物量效应在夏季相对富集13C,极有可能与当地土地利用强度和方式的季节性变化有关。     

烟气脱硫设施运行及脱硫电价实时监控系统设计

由于缺乏有效监管手段,目前脱硫设施实际投运情况不理想。设计了一套B/S架构的烟气脱硫设施运行及脱硫电价实时监控系统,分为数据采集、数据通讯、数据处理及发布3个子系统。选择能全面反映脱硫设施运行状况的28个信号,采用共享-分流信号防伪采集技术进行采集,通过电力系统内载波电话拨号与无线GPRS两种通讯方式相互竞争、互为备用来实现可靠通讯,并经过软件防伪判别模块和统计运算后以WEB形式发布。数据以5m in的间隔实时刷新,且每小时更新脱硫投入率、脱硫电价款等报表数据。