基于模糊专家系统的垃圾焚烧底灰重金属污染风险评价

垃圾焚烧处理技术可以实现城市生活垃圾减量化,但底灰中重金属的存在与迁移转化会形成持续的潜在风险。针对重金属Cu、Cr、Pb和Cr对环境的潜在风险进行分析,将模糊专家系统引入潜在生态风险指数法中。首先将重金属的富集系数作为输入,然后应用知识库和推理机制来实现重金属对环境危害快速、不确定信息的准确推理,最后对城市生活垃圾焚烧底灰中重金属对环境的潜在风险进行评价。实验结果验证,该方法能够更快速、准确地做出适当的决定,为底灰的安全处置和再利用提供理论基础。     

水解酸化-好氧法处理油田废水机理研究

采用水解酸化-好氧法对经物化预处理的油田废水进行试验研究.当进水COD为190～220 mg·L^-1时,水解酸化段和好氧段停留时间均为10h的条件下,出水COD为65～75 mg·L^-1,达到GB3550-83第一级Ⅰ类标准.运用GC/MS技术分析油田废水有机污染物在工艺流程中相对组分变化的规律,揭示了水解酸化-好氧法处理油田废水过程中的污染物迁移和降解规律.并运用PCR-DGGE技术,考察不同生物反应器内微生物种群及其分布特征,初步确定水解酸化和好氧反应器内的优势菌种.     

铅离子印迹电化学传感器的制备及检测性能研究

重金属因其具有高毒性、致癌性和潜在的生物积累性，引发的环境问题受到广泛关注。为精确监测环境中的重金属污染，结合电化学分析和离子印迹技术的优势，构筑了对铅离子的高灵敏电化学传感器。利用铅离子作为模板，采用3-（γ-氨基乙氨基）-丙基-三甲基硅烷作为功能单体，在介孔硅表面，通过共缩聚法制备了离子印迹聚合物，并将其作为电化学传感器的核心识别元件。经过优化碳糊电极的组成，制备了一系列高选择性的离子印迹电化学传感器，并对其电化学行为进行了分析。测试结果表明，所制传感器对铅离子的检测线性范围为10^-9～10^-6 mol/L，且检出限达到1.3×10^-11mol/L（信噪比=3）。在对河水和大米等实际样品的检测中，传感器展现了高灵敏性（相对标准偏差为2.5%～7.4%）和高准确性（回收率为98.8%～102.9%），表明其在环境监测和食品安全检测方面具有应用潜力。     

Observation study of pedestrian flow on staircases with different dimensions under normal and emergency conditions

Compared with horizontal motion, there were several characteristics in staircase movement. This study focused on the movement characteristics in staircases of typical student crowds and the quantitative relations of flow rate-speed-density in different dimensions of staircases and different circumstances were obtained. Basic data concerning daily movement when classes were over and an evacuation drill for college students was collected through analysis of video observation. From the analysis, the following conclusions can be given: some typical characteristics of pedestrian movement in staircases were found, such as queuing behavior at platform, merging flow at staircase entrance, and subgroup behavior. Movement on stairs was markedly slower than the horizontal motions. In normal condition, the number and initial speed of students entering the staircase affected observably the pedestrians flow, and the impact of staircase attributes (riser, tread, slope, etc.) cannot be neglected. In different conditions, the characteristics of pedestrian movement were quite different, and the influence of the speed on the density was more significant in the emergency condition. The study highlighted the amassment phenomenon at the bottom of the staircase and the potential influence of stair widths to evacuation efficiency in evacuation drill.     

Flocculation performance of epichlorohydrin-dimethylamine polyamine in treating dyeing wastewater

Epichlorohydrin-dimethylamine polymers with different intrinsic viscosity (η) and cationicity (τ) were synthesized. The flocculation performance and mechanism of these polymers in the removal of the reactive and disperse dyes from synthetic wastewater was investigated in terms of flocculation dynamics and color removal efficiency. The polymer flocculation efficiency was compared with that of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and a composite flocculant based on polyaluminum chloride-epichlorohydrin-dimethylamine polyamine. The results showed that epichlorohydrin-dimethylamine polymer was effective over a pH range of 2–10 for the reactive and disperse dye removal (Reactive Brilliant Red and Disperse Yellow dyes). Epichlorohydrin-dimethylamine polymer with the highest η and τ gave the best reactive dye removal efficiency, and its adsorption-bridging and electric neutralization ability played important roles in the flocculation process. The higher the η viscosity of the epichlorohydrin-dimethylamine polymer, the better the flocculation performance of epichlorohydrin-dimethylamine polyamine, and stronger adsorption-bridging ability was obtained for removing the disperse dye from dyeing wastewaters. Epichlorohydrin-dimethylamine polymer achieved better decolorization performance when used together with PAC.     

氯氟烃替代物的开发研究进展

重点介绍了近年来国内外对氯氟烃替代物的研究开发动向，并简要地介绍了主要替代物的性能及应用情况。     

Cometabolic degradation of veratryl alcohol and biphenyl by white rot fungus under nitrogen nutrition-rich condition

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浅谈混凝剂在气田水处理中的应用

在重庆气矿气田水处理中加入了聚合氯化铝和聚丙烯酰胺,其应结果表明,这两种絮凝剂配合使用的效果较好,能达到石油企业废水回注指标(pH值为6～9,SS小于30mg/L,石油类物质少于10mg/L)。分析了两者单独使用的处理结果,针对目前使用中存在的问题,指出应注意的事项,并对今后重庆气矿气田水处理运行中混凝剂的使用提出了建议。     

镉对鲫鱼鳃和肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响

使用浸浴法以 0 mg/ L、0 .73 mg/ L、1 .46 mg/ L、2 .95 mg/ L 4个镉 (Cd Cl2 · 2 .5H2 O)浓度为丰产鲫 (Carassiusauratus of Penze(♀ )× Cyprinusacutidorsalis(♂ ) )幼鱼染毒 ,测定了 1 4 4 h内鳃及肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性的变化。结果表明 ,低浓度组Cd曝露时 ,鲫鱼鳃和肝组织中 SOD活性的变化短时间内不明显 ,但随着处理时间的延长 ,Cd提高了鳃和肝组织中 SOD的活性 ,导致“毒物兴奋效应”。高浓度组 Cd曝露时均抑制了肝和鳃中的 SOD活性 ,其作用随着曝露时间的延长和浓度的升高而增强 ,SOD酶活性降低所造成的活性氧伤害是引起鲫幼鱼死亡的重要原因。肝组织中的 SOD酶活性和敏感性高于鳃 ,这与其执行的生理功能有关