Hg(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)对海洋单细胞藻的急性毒性效应

近年来,海洋重金属污染日益严重,为考察重金属对海洋藻类的生物毒性效应,进而评估其对海洋生态环境的影响,本研究采用一次性培养的实验方法,测定了2种重金属Hg(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)对8种海洋单细胞藻的急性毒性效应,包括赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo Hada)、旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curv...     

季铵盐改性聚偏氟乙烯膜抗污染性能及其对厌氧膜生物反应器微生物的潜在影响研究

将季铵盐(QAC)改性聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜运用于厌氧膜生物反应器(AnMBR),评估了其抗污染性能,探讨了厌氧微生物在QAC/PVDF膜上短期暴露时的活性变化情况。结果表明,QAC/PVDF膜在AnMBR中清洗周期较长,说明QAC/PVDF膜可延缓AnMBR的膜污染形成;将厌氧微生物短期暴露于QAC/PVDF膜的环境中,QAC/PVDF膜对厌氧生物处理相关酶活性影响较小,不会引起厌氧微生物细胞破损或产甲烷性能下降。但随着直接接触的QAC浓度上升,厌氧微生物细胞破损比例上升,相关酶活性和产甲烷性能下降。     

餐厨垃圾中典型组分的裂解液化特征研究

利用实验室规模的实验装置管式加热炉进行餐厨垃圾热解实验,实验分析了反应温度对餐厨垃圾热解产物分布的影响,米饭、白菜、猪肉、塑料和纸5种原料在最佳温度下可实现热解油质量产率的最大化,分别为45.02%、24.55%、61.19%、73.77%和24.86%。其中,米饭和白菜热解油含水率较高,可达到30%~40%,将含水率降到15%后,测定热值分别为25.51 MJ/kg和17.75 MJ/kg。塑料和纸混合热解时,塑料热解过程的放热效应可缩小纸的热解温度区间,增加热解油产量。红外光谱分析厨余热解油包含多种含氧有机物。通过气质联用仪(GC-MS)分析塑料热解油和塑料与纸混合热解油在180℃以下蒸馏出的液相产物,主要组分为烷烃和烯烃,从成分和热值分析,与汽油、柴油相近。     

废弃植物中药渣的热解特性及动力学研究

采用热重分析法(TGA)对丹参中药渣的热解特性及其动力学规律进行了研究。分析了不同升温速率(10、30和50℃/min)和不同粒径(0.85~0.6、0.3~0.18和0.125~0.1 mm)药渣的热解特性。结果表明,药渣热解可分为3个阶段:预热干燥阶段、主热解阶段和碳化阶段,随升温速率的升高,热重(TG)和微分热重(DTG)曲线向高温侧移动,药渣的最大失重速率也显著增加;与大颗粒相比较小颗粒的挥发分产量较大。采用Coats-Redfern法和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO)法对药渣热解的动力学进行分析,选出了较为合理的机理函数,并计算得出药渣热解活化能为62~72 kJ/mol。     

餐饮垃圾主要成分的热解动力学研究

将餐饮垃圾的主要成分纤维素、淀粉以及脂肪分别在10 K/min的升温速率下进行TG-DTG分析,结果表明3种物质由于分子结构与物质组成的差别,其热解特性有着明显的不同;同时采用Achar(微分法)和Coats-Refern(积分法)相结合的方法对餐饮垃圾进行热解动力学分析,找出最佳的机理函数并求出每种组分的活化能Ea和指前因子lnA。     

沉淀硫酸钡工业清洁生产及污染防治研究

沉淀硫酸钡项目属于基础无机盐化工类项目,由重晶石矿经过煅烧还原、化合、固液分离、干燥、粉磨等工序得到沉淀硫酸钡产品,生产过程中排放出大量的污染物,包括废气、废水、固体废物、噪声等.在总结该类项目的环保实践经验的基础上,分析了硫酸钡工业的各种污染物的产生情况,并提出了清洁生产及污染防治对策.     

防护装备检测实验室仪器设备的管理

本文阐述了防护装备检测实验室仪器设备的管理程序,从仪器设备配置策划、流转管理、维护和保养等方面进行详细论述,提出仪器设备管理的建议及思路.     

突变灰盖鬼伞过氧化物酶降解刚果红的响应面法优化分析

酶法降解偶氮染料刚果红是一个复杂的过程,受温度、pH、酶量、刚果红浓度和双氧水浓度显著影响。为研究各因素及因素间交互作用对刚果红降解影响,提高刚果红的降解率,分别使用单因素法和响应面分析法对刚果红降解条件进行了优化。单因素实验结果显示灰盖鬼伞过氧化物酶降解刚果红的最适条件为：pH5．0、32℃、酶量4．98u、双氧水0．1mmol／L、刚果红20mg／L,此时刚果红最高降解率为34．84％。然后选双氧水浓度、刚果红浓度和灰盖鬼伞过氧化物酶量作为3个因素,通过中心组合设计实验,用响应面法对刚果红降解进行优化分析,最后得到一个拟合度良好的二次多项方程模型（R2=0．9900）。方差分析结果显示,刚果红浓度和酶量是影响最显著的因素,双氧水与酶以及染料与酶之间的交互作用极显著。响应面分析优化后的反应体系为：双氧水浓度0．15mmol／L,刚果红浓度为27．21mg／L,酶为2．07U,在此条件下,刚果红降解率达58．13％。     

Occurrence of free estrogens,conjugated estrogens,and bisphenol A in fresh livestock excreta and their removal by composting in North China

An efficient pretreatment and analytical method was developed to investigate the occurrence and fate of four free estrogens (estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (17β-E2), estriol (E3), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2)), four conjugated estrogens (estrone-3-sulfate sodium salt (E1-3S), 17β-estradiol-3-sulfate sodium salt (E2-3S), estrone-3-glucuronide sodium salt (E1-3G), and 17β-estradiol-3-glucuronide sodium salt (E2-3G)), and bisphenol A (BPA) in three livestock farms raising beef cattle, cows, sheep, swine, and chickens in Qi County, which is located in North China. The results demonstrated that one cow and one beef cattle excreted 956.25–1,270.41 and 244.38–319.99 μg/day of total (free and conjugated) estrogen, respectively, primarily through feces (greater than 91 %), while swine excreted 260.09–289.99 μg/day of estrogens, primarily through urine (98–99 %). The total estrogen excreted in sheep and broiler chicken feces was calculated to be 21.64–28.67 and 4.62–5.40 μg/day, respectively. It was determined that conjugated estrogens contributed to 21.1–21.9 % of the total estrogen excreted in cow feces and more than 98 % of the total estrogen excreted in swine urine. After composting, the concentration of total estrogen decreased by 18.7–59.6 %; however, increased levels of BPA were measured. In treated compost samples, estrogens were detected at concentrations up to 74.0 ng/g, which indicates a potential risk of estrogens entering the surrounding environment.     

Photocatalytic degradation kinetics and mechanism of phenobarbital in TiO2 aqueous solution

5-Ethyl-5-phenylpyrimidine-2,4,6(1H, 3H, 5H)-trione is an anti-convulsant used to treat disorders of movement, e.g. tremors. This work deals with the transformation of phenobarbital by UV/TiO₂ heterogeneous photocatalysis, to assess the decomposition of the pharmaceutical compound, to identify intermediates, as well as to elucidate some mechanistic details of the degradation. The photocatalytic removal efficiency of 100 μm phenobarbital is about 80% within 60 min, while the degradation efficiency of phenobarbital was better in alkaline solution. The study on contribution of reactive oxidative species (ROSs) has shown that OH is responsible for the major degradation of phenobarbital, while the photohole, photoelectrons and the other ROSs have the minor contribution to the degradation. Finally, based on the identification of degradation intermediates, two main photocatalytic degradation pathways have been tentatively proposed, including the hydroxylation and cleavage of pyrimidine ring in the phenobarbital molecule respectively. Certainly, the phenobarbital can be mineralized when the photocatalytic reaction time prolongs.