清水冲涮对向家坝以下金沙江河床及岸线资源的影响

随着金沙江下游梯级水电开发的蓬勃开展,清水下泄对下游河床及岸线的影响问题逐渐显露。通过实地观测,走访及清水下泄前后政府和民间数据、影像资料等对比分析,探讨问题的根源和避免问题严重化途径,为共抓长江大保护,为修复长江生态环境提供参考依据。结果发现:清水下泄对向家坝水电站坝址以下金沙江段部分河床及岸线资源造成了较为明显的影响。如该江段原来常见的砂滩、砾石滩除杨湾码头仅存一个沙岛外,其余全部消失;无防护设施的河段(如火焰村小岸组、火焰组和新桥组,豆坝村的马槽、娱乐、黄泥、丰收、中心三组,普安镇的13、12、7、5、4、3、2、1组,西郊街道白石社区新村组)受顶冲作用导致一半以上河漫滩地流失甚至引起滩岸坍塌;白家滩大堤一处坝垛根石将被掏蚀殆尽。此外,水富港三期扩能工程因侵占河道和开挖船池,进一步加剧了对四川安边镇小岸坝的不利影响。严重的下蚀侧蚀导致该江段同期水位明显下降,也对岸线两侧的居民生产生活带来安全隐患。相关各方对区域的特殊性及水电站修建造成的影响存在认识不足,各自的发展、利益和环境保护需求之间的矛盾等是问题产生的根本原因,问题出现后又缺少有效的沟通机制等。     

油气勘探开发建设项目环境影响评价管理探讨

油气勘探开发建设项目存在滚动开发的特点,在近年来的环境影响评价管理实践中引发较多矛盾。文章分析了目前油气勘探开发建设项目环评管理中存在的环评要求不清晰、分类管理需细化、审查尺度不统一等问题,并从界定建设项目类型、明确环评开展时间和要求、明确环评文件编制类型、界定项目重大变更四个方面提出了改进油气项目环评管理的建议。     

Simultaneous determination of estrogenic odorant alkylphenols,chlorophenols, and their derivatives in water using online headspace solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A simple online headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed for simultaneous determination of trace amounts of nine estrogenic odorant alkylphenols and chlorophenols and their derivatives in water samples. The extraction conditions of HS-SPME were optimized including fiber selection, extraction temperature, extraction time, and salt concentration. Results showed that divinylbenzene/Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fiber was the most appropriate one among the three selected commercial fibers, and the optimal extraction temperature, time, and salt concentration were 70 °C, 30 min, and 0.25 g/mL, respectively. The developed method was validated and showed good linearity (R ²?>?0.989), low limit of detection (LOD, 0.002–0.5 μg/L), and excellent recoveries (76–126 %) with low relative standard deviation (RSD, 0.7–12.9 %). The developed method was finally applied to two surface water samples and some of these target compounds were detected. All these detected compounds were below their odor thresholds, except for 2,4,6-TCAS and 2,4,6-TBAS wherein their concentrations were near their odor thresholds. However, in the two surface water samples, these detected compounds contributed to a certain amount of estrogenicity, which seemed to suggest that more attention should be paid to the issue of estrogenicity rather than to the odor problem.     

Regulatory effects of dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like PCBs and other AhR ligands on the antioxidant enzymes paraoxonase 1/2/3

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), an antioxidant enzyme, is believed to play a critical role in many diseases, including cancer. PCBs are widespread environmental contaminants known to induce oxidative stress and cancer and to produce changes in gene expression of various pro-oxidant and antioxidant enzymes. Thus, it appeared of interest to explore whether PCBs may modulate the activity and/or gene expression of PON1 as well. In this study, we compared the effects of dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like PCBs and of various aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands on PON1 regulation and activity in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Our results demonstrate that (i) the non-dioxin-like PCB154, PCB155, and PCB184 significantly reduced liver and serum PON1 activities, but only in male rats; (ii) the non-dioxin-like PCB153, the most abundant PCB in many matrices, did not affect PON1 messenger RNA (mRNA) level in the liver but significantly decreased serum PON1 activity in male rats; (iii) PCB126, an AhR ligand and dioxin-like PCB, increased both PON1 activities and gene expression; and (iv) even though three tested AhR ligands induced CYP1A in several tissues to a similar extent, they displayed differential effects on the three PONs and AhR, i.e., PCB126 was an efficacious inducer of PON1, PON2, PON3, and AhR in the liver, while 3-methylcholantrene induced liver AhR and lung PON3, and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most potent AhR agonist, increased only PON3 in the lung, at the doses and exposure times used in these studies. These results show that PCBs may have an effect on the antioxidant protection by paraoxonases in exposed populations and that regulation of gene expression through AhR is highly diverse.     

盐效萃取法从电子产品清洗废液中回收异丙醇

用盐效萃取法从电子产品清洗废液中回收片丙醇,考察了碳酸钾水溶液与该清洗废液的质量比对脱水率的影响,测定了异丙醇-水-碳酸钾体系存40℃时的液液相平衡数据,用Pitzer理论和NRTL方程对液液相平衡数据进行了理论计算。结果表明：当质量分数为60．00％的碳酸钾水溶液与该废液的质晕比为2．00时,脱水率高达90．00％;将有机相进行精馏可得到质量分数为99．50％的异丙醇;计算值与实测值接近,水相和有机相的绝对平均偏差分别为0．62％和0．46％。     

青藏高原生活污水处理及回用的工艺研究

在高寒缺氧的青藏高原如何对生活污水进行有效的处理,目前仍无好的解决方案。实验采用的生态大棚系统可在青藏高原的恶劣环境下提供适宜的人工小环境,保证生物处理正常运行所必需的热平衡、O2-CO2的循环平衡和水循环的平衡。采用的好氧生物-土地处理工艺不仅能保证污水处理达到国家一级排放标准,同时还解决了长期以来高原蔬菜种植的难题。     

高强度好氧生物反应器处理制药废水的启动和稳定性试验研究

高强度好氧反应器(jet-loop compact reactor,JLCR)采用射流曝气强制溶氧.对JLCR处理制药废水进行了试验研究,考察了JLCR的运行效果、反应器的启动与污泥驯化、抗冲击负荷性能以及污泥沉降性能等.初步结果表明,该系统启动时间较短,运行稳定,COD去除效果较好.进水COD为8000 mg/L左右时,去除率达到80%.     

基于专利的区域环境技术创新水平空间分异研究

以环境技术专利表征创新水平,采用绝对指标与相对指标、专利结构布局系数(或特化系数)与技术创新主体结构布局系数,衡量中国各省市环境技术创新水平的空间分异,探讨其不平衡性的原因.研究结果表明,绝对指标评价的环境技术创新水平,呈现"东高西低"的格局;相对指标表征的环境技术创新水平,大部分省市的评价结果基本上在0.1～0.5、0.59～1.04之间,空间分异不明显.东部地区省市发明专利、企业专利特化系数高,如天津、香港、北京、上海的发明专利特化系数均在1.3以上,香港和上海的企业专利特化系数大于2.但是发明专利、公司企业专利--2项最具价值的专利技术创新水平均较高的省市不多,我国环境技术创新水平整体水平不高.     

耐候钢中微量元素的测定

本文分别用化学法和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定了Corten-B和Sten3两种耐候钢中Cr、Cu、Mn、Sb、Si、V、P、Ti等8种微量元素的含量,并与传统的化学法进行了对比.试验证明ICP-AES光谱法不但技术简便、快速、易于推广应用,而且ICP-AES光谱法和微波消解技术联用在微量元素测量上有更准确、安全等方面的优点.另外,ICP-AES仅通过对少量样屑的一次溶样即可得到全部元素的分析结果,节省了钢样,这对于难以取样的情况尤为有利.     

Fenton法氧化降解聚乙烯醇的机制

为深入了解Fenton法氧化降解聚乙烯醇（PVA）的机制,通过考察反应过程中COD、BOD5、总有机碳及pH等随反应时间的变化,研究了聚乙烯醇Fenton氧化降解过程的特点,结果表明,当PVA被Fenton试剂氧化时,可生成大量CO2,同时生成酸性中间产物。进一步分析认为,当Fenton试剂中H2O2不足景时PVA氧化的中间产物以醛为主,而当H2O2足量时醛会被继续氧化生成有机酸,最终COD去除率达到80％。