土壤样品保存过程中无机砷的形态变化及其样品保存方法

为选择合理的土壤样品保存方法,研究了不同保存条件下土壤样品及其水提取液中无机砷形态的动态变化．研究结果表明,采用常温方法保存土壤样品,其水溶态无机砷的总浓度变化不大,但水溶态As(Ⅲ)容易转化为As(Ⅴ);在风干条件下,随着保存时间的延长,样品中水溶态无机砷的总浓度和As(Ⅲ)浓度均会降低,As(Ⅲ)／As(Ⅴ)的比值呈增加趋势;在避光冷藏条件下,土壤样品中水溶态无机砷的总浓度、As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)浓度均基本保持不变．在避光冷藏、常温和冷冻条件下保存土壤水提取溶液,样品中无机砷的总浓度变化均不明显,但As(Ⅲ)浓度均呈下降趋势;避光冷藏条件下,As(Ⅲ)浓度在保存12d后缓慢下降,到第28天降低了9．0％;常温和冷冻条件下,As(Ⅲ)容易转化为As(Ⅴ)．因此,对于土壤中无机砷的形态测定而言,应采集新鲜土壤样品并在避光冷藏条件下保存．     

粒子电极对苯酚废水的电催化降解

以溶胶-凝胶法制备了负载型复合金属氧化物Mn-Sn-Sb/γ-Al₂O₃粒子电极,用该粒子电极取代平板电极,对苯酚水溶液进行了电催化降解的研究,并考察了pH,电解质浓度,槽电压,进水ρ(苯酚),反应温度和气体流量等因素对苯酚去除率的影响.结果表明,当反应温度为25 ℃,pH为6.4,气体流量为0.5 L/min,槽电压为6.5 V,电解质浓度为0.025 mol/L时,电催化降解质量浓度为200 mg/L的苯酚水溶液150 min,苯酚去除率为94.0%,催化活性较高.提高进水ρ(苯酚),会使反应表现为自抑制作用;提高温度有利于苯酚电催化氧化的进行,但会增加石墨电极损耗和催化剂溶出量,因此在选择电催化氧化温度时要考虑设备的耐蚀性和电极的稳定性.      

437个火电厂项目环境影响宏观分析及对策研究

对2004-2005年上报国家环境保护总局环境工程评估中心的437个火电项目环境影响和宏观对策分4种方案进行了分析和探讨.结果表明:方案Ⅰ和方案Ⅱ的能源弹性系数分别为3.6和2.2,对环境、资源影响较大,不利于可持续发展;方案Ⅲ能源弹性系数为0.5,对环境、资源影响小,符合可持续发展,但目前难以实现;方案Ⅳ能源弹性系数为0.8,对环境、资源影响较小,按方案Ⅳ模式发展也有一定难度,但经过艰苦努力可以实现.分析了火电发展对煤炭资源和环境等方面的影响,并提出应尽快将我国能源弹性系数恢复到正常值,统筹火电厂规划,坚持经济发展模式的转变、节能降耗、调整产业结构等建议.      

功率超声场作用下水溶液中甲苯的降解机理

研究密闭体系功率超声场中甲苯的超声降解过程,并探讨降解机理及反应历程.甲苯的降解效率受辐射时间影响较大,降解过程符合拟一级反应,通常处理40min后可以获得90%～95%的去除率,而溶液中饱和气体种类等也产生一定的影响.经pH、紫外和SMPE-GC-MS等分析,以及发光氨与自由基反应现象,证实甲苯的超声降解以自由基降解为主,主要中间降解产物为苯甲醛、联甲苯、邻苯二甲酸二丁脂等,最终产物为二氧化碳和水.     

北京市大气细粒态气溶胶的化学成分研究

2000年6月在北京北郊中国科学院大气物理所气象塔观测场采集了大气中细粒态气溶胶样品.用质子诱导X射线荧光分析法(PIXE)对样品进行了分析,得到Al、Si、P、S、Cl、K等19种元素的浓度及其谱分布并对当前北京市大气气溶胶的来源、化学元素成分的变化进行了研究.结果表明,这19种元素中的许多元素的浓度与过去相比有不同幅度的降低,说明北京市对大气污染的防治是有效果的.     

生物填料塔处理餐厅污水的研究

分别以自行开发的组合型填料和焦炭作生物载体构成的生物填料等塔对餐厅污水处理进行了试验研究,试验考察了污水入塔COD值对塔中DO的影响,观察到的结果表明：长期在高入塔COD下运行对生物膜系统的持久、稳定不利;水力停留时间取3h－4h,COD的容积去除负荷为4kg/m^3.d时,出水既可达标,又可保持较高的处理能力;鼓风曝气时,气水比取8－12可使出水达标,而功耗较低;在相同的微生物系统和操作条件下,布水布气性好的组合填料处理效果高于布水气性差的焦炭。     

Research on the anti-interference capability of the tourism environment system for the core stakeholders of semi-arid valley-type cities: analysis based on the multi-scenario and time series diversity perspectives

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Given the relatively harsh natural environment in semi-arid valley areas, the attraction and radiation functions of semi-arid valley cities have...     

糠醛生产企业废水处理措施

使用糠醛塔下污水循环利用装置，糠醛生产污水得到全部综合利用，不产生二次污染，节省了能源消耗，减轻了环境污染，实现了“节能减排”的目标。     

Multi-formal and Information-based Emergency Resource Reserve System in China

Emergency resources are an important basis of effective emergency response. But there are many disadvantages of the Chinese traditional material reserve method in which the resources are separately reserved in different regions and sections according to the kinds of disasters. So there comes the Multi-formal and Information-based Emergency Resource Reserve System （MIERRS） in China. The reserve body and method change from the single into the multiple forms, that is, the main reserve body changes from the single government agency into the organizations combining with the military, enterprise and society, and the reserve method changes from single material reserve into the reserve combining with market reserve, talents and technology reserve, and production capacity reserve. The content of the reserve change from material to information means to develop the Emergency Resource Management Information System realizing real-time control of resource characteristics and relevant reserve information. The MIERRS leads to a reserve system with rapid response and flexible schedule. It provides a convenient platform for resource sharing, thus avoiding duplication and waste, improving the utilization of resources, reducing the reserve loss and optimizing the structure of resource reserve.     

Pilot-scale aerated submerged biofilm reactor for organics removal and nitrification at cold temperatures.

This research describes pilot-scale experiments for efficient removal of dissolved organic and nitrogen compounds in domestic wastewater using aerated submerged biofilm (ASBF) reactors. These reactors could enhance the performance of shallow wastewater treatment lagoons through the addition of specially designed structures. The structures are designed to encourage the growth of a nitrifying bacterial biofilm on a submerged surface. They also force the direct contact of rising air bubbles against the submerged biofilm. This direct gas-phase contact is postulated to increase the oxygen transfer rate into the biofilm and increase the microclimate mixing of water, nutrients, and waste products into and out of the biofilm. This research investigated the efficiency of dissolved organic matter and ammonia-nitrogen removals. Specifically, the effects of cold temperatures on the dissolved organic matter and ammonia-nitrogen performance of the ASBF pilot plant (see Figure 1) was investigated for the batch system. Over a period of 3.5 months, a total of 11 batch runs were performed. By the fourth run, the biofilm had matured to the point that it consumed all the ammonia in 40 hours. On the ninth run, the air supply was left off as a control run. This time, the ammonia was barely consumed, with the level dropping from 24 to 18 mg/L in 40 hours. By the middle of December, the average water temperature during the runs had dropped to approximately 6 degrees C and, at one point, was as low as 3.3 degrees C. The biofilm continued to perform even at these low temperatures, reducing ammonia levels from approximately 25 mg/L to basically zero within 40 to 48 hours.