Spatio-temporal variations of carbon dioxide and its gross emission regulated by artificial operation in a typical hydropower reservoir in China

Supersaturation and excess emission of greenhouse gases in freshwater reservoirs have received a great deal of attention in recent years. Although impoundment of reservoirs has been shown to contribute to the net emission of greenhouse gases, reservoir age, geographical distribution, submerged soil type and artificial regulation also have a great impact on their emissions. To examine how large scale reservoir operation impact the water column CO₂ and its air–water interface flux, a field study was conducted in 2010 to evaluate potential ecological processes that regulate the partial pressure of CO₂ (pCO₂) in the water column in the Pengxi River backwater area (PBA), a typical tributary in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Measurements of total alkalinity (TA), pH and water temperature were applied to compute the pCO₂. And this approach was also validated by calculation of pCO₂ from the dissolved inorganic carbon data of samples. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to determine how the dynamics of the water pCO₂ were related to the available variables. The estimated pCO₂ in our sample ranged from 26 to 4,087 μatm in the surface water. During low water operation from July to early September, there was an obvious pCO₂ stratification, and pCO₂ in the surface was almost unsaturated. This phenomenon was also observed in the spring bloom during discharge period. Conversely, there was no significant pCO₂ stratification and the entire water column was supersaturated during high water operation from November to the following February. Significant correlation was observed between the magnitude of pCO₂, DO and chlorophyll a, suggesting that phytoplankton dynamics regulate pCO₂ in the PBA. The average areal rate of CO₂ emissions from the Pengxi River ranged from 18.06 to 48.09 mmol m^?2 day^?1, with an estimated gross CO₂ emission from the water surface of 14–37 t day^?1 in this area in 2010. Photosynthesis and respiration rates by phytoplankton might be the dominant processes that regulated pCO₂ in the water column. We conclude that pCO₂ values in the surface water of Pengxi River could be regarded as potential sources of CO₂ to the atmosphere were smaller or similar to those that have been reported for many other reservoirs to date.     

生命线工程网络系统抗震可靠性分析方法综述

生命线工程系统地震反应分析的一个重要任务是计算系统的抗震可靠度,因此,寻找一种高效合适的系统可靠性分析方法至关重要.对生命线工程网络系统抗震可靠性分析中目前常用的几种算法进行了系统的比较、分析和综述.     

化学溶蚀及冻融循环作用下砂岩的力学特性研究∗

选取云南的砂岩作为试验岩样,研究砂岩经过化学溶蚀及冻融循环作用下的力学特性。通过对砂岩在3种水化环境(PH=3的HCl溶液、PH=7的水溶液、PH=12的NaOH溶液)作用后分别进行循环冻融试验,并在不同冻融循环温度 (-20 ℃、-30 ℃、-40 ℃、-50 ℃)作用下对试样进行单轴压缩试验和三点弯曲试验。结果表明：砂岩经过化学溶蚀和冻融循环作用下的劣化损伤模式主要受冻融循环温度及不同水溶液影响,在不同的水溶液中,单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、应力峰值和断裂韧度均随着冻融循环温度的降低而逐渐降低;HCl溶液浸泡后的砂岩损伤变量最大,而在对砂岩有修补作用的NaOH溶液中出现了负损伤的变化。     

基于Bayesian网络的建筑火灾疏散条件安全性评估方法*

为了对建筑火灾疏散条件安全性进行评估,基于Bayesian网络对疏散条件重要构成要素及评估方法逻辑推理过程进行研究探讨。结果表明:评估网络结构、根节点、中间节点及目标节点之间存在因果关联关系;研究得出根节点先验概率与量化节点条件概率表设定方法;Bayesian网络将风险评估与人工智能分析方法相结合,实现对建筑火灾疏散条件的安全性评估,并可用于识别高风险建筑。     

张家口市水体污染现状分析及控制对策

针对张家口市目前水体的污染治理情况,分析了水体中污染物质的主要成分,并从工业、生活和农业三方面分析水体的污染情况,认为生活源污染是水体污染的主要原因。通过调整产业结构和布局、加强污水处理厂及城市管网建设、生态减污等措施防止水体污染,实现保护水资源的目的。     

垃圾渗沥液中有机污染物的超声去除

采用超声辐照技术去除垃圾渗沥液中的有机污染物。研究了输入电功率、初始浓度、初始pH、曝气对垃圾渗沥液中COD的超声去除效果影响,探讨了垃圾渗沥液中有机物的超声去除主要是通过羟自由基的氧化反应,高温热解反应虽然存在,但贡献相对很小。超声去除垃圾渗沥液中COD的动力学模式不能简单用动力学原理来解释,一方面由于超声降解有机物的机理和垃圾渗沥液中有机物的种类都很复杂,另一方面由于基于K2Cr2O7法测定出的COD指标不能完全表征超声去除垃圾渗沥液中有机污染物的程度。     

溶液特性及共存物对纳滤膜去除水中全氟辛酸的影响

利用聚酰胺复合纳滤(NF)膜去除水中的持久性有机污染物—全氟辛酸(PFOA),分别研究了PFOA浓度、溶液离子强度、pH值、典型大分子有机物—牛血清蛋白(BSA)以及BSA与Na+共存对PFOA截留率的影响.结果表明,在0.8MPa下过滤24h,随着PFOA浓度增大,PFOA截留率提高;溶液离子强度、pH值越高,PFO...     

工业管道首次定期检验弯头壁厚减薄分析及检验对策

弯头壁厚减薄在工业管道首次定期检验过程中经常遇到,然而对其进行安全状况等级评定时经常评为4级,与实际不符.本文通过两个检验案例分析产生这种现象的原因,认为弯头的减薄并不都是由使用过程中造成的,而是弯头制造时产生的减薄,这种现象对工业管道的安全状况等级评定产生干扰,最后依据相关规范给检验人员提供解决措施,并有针对性的提出...     

HFMRPC面层加固带窗洞口砌体墙抗震性能试验研究∗

为了研究混杂纤维改良活性粉末混凝土（HFMRPC）不同方式加固构造柱约束带窗洞口砌体墙的抗震性能, 对 1 面作为对照组的未加固带窗洞口的砌体墙和 3 面分别通过单面加固、双面加固和双面窗间墙加固的砌体墙进行低周往复荷载试验。分析对比了构造柱约束带窗洞口砌体墙的破坏模式、承载能力和位移延性等抗震性能。试验结果表明：HFMRPC 面层与砌体墙有良好的粘结能力,通过面层加固后能提升墙体的整体性并且形成有效约束;HFMRPC 面层加固后显著提升了砌体墙的承载能力、能量耗散,延缓了墙体的开裂和刚度退化;通过试验结果和理论分析提出了构造柱约束的带窗洞口砌体墙的抗剪承载力计算公式。     

膨润土-钢渣复合吸附剂对Fe2+的吸附性能

研究了膨润土-钢渣复合吸附剂对模拟酸性矿山废水中Fe²⁺的吸附去除效果、Fe²⁺在吸附剂表面的赋存形态及其吸附机理和规律。结果表明：复合吸附剂在处理含Fe²⁺模拟酸性矿山废水时,不仅能释放碱性物质中和酸,且发生了吸附-聚沉协同作用;Fe²⁺可与膨润土发生晶格置换,还可通过静电吸附作用形成硅酸盐类矿物相,还有一部分通过配合作用生成多金属氧化物,最后一类是通过化学沉淀作用生成的 Fe（OH）₂或Fe（OH）₃受热分解而形成Fe₂O₃;被吸附的Fe²⁺中98.62%以残渣态形式存在于复合吸附剂中;复合吸附剂对Fe²⁺的吸附行为符合BET等温吸附模型和准二级动力学模型。