工业管道首次定期检验弯头壁厚减薄分析及检验对策

弯头壁厚减薄在工业管道首次定期检验过程中经常遇到,然而对其进行安全状况等级评定时经常评为4级,与实际不符.本文通过两个检验案例分析产生这种现象的原因,认为弯头的减薄并不都是由使用过程中造成的,而是弯头制造时产生的减薄,这种现象对工业管道的安全状况等级评定产生干扰,最后依据相关规范给检验人员提供解决措施,并有针对性的提出...     

生命线工程网络系统抗震可靠性分析方法综述

生命线工程系统地震反应分析的一个重要任务是计算系统的抗震可靠度,因此,寻找一种高效合适的系统可靠性分析方法至关重要.对生命线工程网络系统抗震可靠性分析中目前常用的几种算法进行了系统的比较、分析和综述.     

垃圾渗沥液中有机污染物的超声去除

采用超声辐照技术去除垃圾渗沥液中的有机污染物。研究了输入电功率、初始浓度、初始pH、曝气对垃圾渗沥液中COD的超声去除效果影响,探讨了垃圾渗沥液中有机物的超声去除主要是通过羟自由基的氧化反应,高温热解反应虽然存在,但贡献相对很小。超声去除垃圾渗沥液中COD的动力学模式不能简单用动力学原理来解释,一方面由于超声降解有机物的机理和垃圾渗沥液中有机物的种类都很复杂,另一方面由于基于K2Cr2O7法测定出的COD指标不能完全表征超声去除垃圾渗沥液中有机污染物的程度。     

泡沫层生化反应降解表面活性剂

在含有表面活性剂的废水中进行微孔曝气,形成稳定的泡沫层,泡沫层与固定化微生物接触,使表面活性剂得到降解、研究结果表明泡沫层生化反应有助于优势微生物的富集,表面活性剂降解速度从21mg（L·h）提高到35mg（L·h）;表面活性剂的去除率从71％提高到95％,而且这种方法可以解决含表面活性剂废水处理过程中泡沫四处外溢的现象。     

环境监测适应市场化的思考

阐述了环境监测的现状及市场化带来的挑战，指出环境监测站应加快体制调整步伐，适应市场需要；实施人才战略，提高技术创新能力，加大投入，提高自身的能力和水平，加强内部管理，全面引入科学管理机制，优势行业联合，组建联合舰队，引入市场经营理念，调整经营策略。     

Emission characteristics of offshore fishing ships in the Yellow Bo Sea, China

Maritime transport has been playing a decisive role in global trade. Its contribution to the air pollution of the sea and coastal areas has been widely recognized. The air pollutant emission inventories of several harbors in China have already been established. However,the emission factors of local ships have not been addressed comprehensively, and thus are lacking from the emission inventories. In this study, on-board emission tests of eight diesel-powered offshore fishing ships were conducted near the coastal region of the northern Yellow Bo Sea fishing ground of Dalian, China. Results show that large amounts of fine particles( 0.5 μm, 90%) were found in maneuvering mode, which were about five times higher than those during cruise mode. Emission rates as well as emission factors based on both distance and fuel were determined during the cruise and maneuvering modes(including departure and arrival). Average emission rates and distance-based emission factors of CO, HC and PM were much higher during the maneuvering mode as compared with the cruise mode. However, the average emission rate of Nitrous Oxide(NOx) was higher during the cruise mode as compared with the maneuvering modes. On the contrary, the average distance-based emission factors of NOxwere lower during the cruise mode relative to the maneuvering mode due to the low sailing speed of the latter.     

基于重要生态节点独流减河流域生态廊道构建

河道、湿地、湖库和河口等生态节点是区域生物多样性保护的重要景观要素,而生态廊道是连接这些重要生态节点的"桥梁"和"纽带".针对中尺度流域景观破碎化问题,以天津市独流减河流域为例,在景观生态学理论指导下,借助GIS与RS技术,基于"河道-湿地-湖库-河口"等重要生态节点,重点考虑景观类型和人类活动干扰的影响,利用最小累积阻力模型构建生态廊道,识别生态节点与生态断裂点,并对其空间结构进行定量化分析,进而规划设计了研究区的生态框架.结果表明:①45条生态廊道的网络连接度评价指标——α指数（网络环度）、β指数（节点连接率）和γ指数（连接度）分别为0.32、1.56、0.56,说明廊道网络具有较高的连通性和复杂度,有利于生态流的顺畅流动.②共识别26个生态节点和35个生态断裂点,明确了研究区需重点保护建设和修复改善的关键点（区）的地理位置.③廊道最佳宽度为30~60 m,空间配置以草地、林地和水域等重要景观类型为主,约占70.63%~78.97%,能够为物种提供高质量的栖息地和迁移通道.④廊道网络中河流廊道为主要廊道类型,其长度约占廊道总长度的51.19%,具有丰富的水资源和植被种类,所构建的"一轴两心九带"的生态框架具有重要的生态服务功能.研究显示,基于重要生态节点构建生态廊道和生态框架能够提高独流减河流域的景观连接度,对该流域的生态安全格局规划和生态工程建设具有重要参考价值.      

Algae functional group characteristics in reservoirs and lakes with different trophic levels in northwestern semi-humid and semi-arid regions in China

In order to study the differences in algae species and their biomass in water bodies in a region, three reservoirs and two lakes at the center of Guanzhong Plain were chosen to identify algae functional groups, measure biomass, and assess water quality, from January2013 to December 2014. The water bodies represented different trophic levels: one oligotrophic, three mesotrophic, and one eutrophic. Based on the Reynolds' functional groups, they had 10 groups in common—B, P, D, X1, M, MP, F, S1, J, and G, but the algae biomasses and proportions were different. In the oligotrophic reservoir, functional group B reached a peak biomass of 576 × 10~4 L~(-1), which accounted for 31.27%. In the eutrophic lake,functional group D reached a peak biomass of 3227 × 10~4 L~(-1), which accounted for only13.38%. When samples collected from other water bodies with similar trophic levels were compared, we found differences in the algae species functional groups. The potential reasons for the differences in algae functional group characteristics in the different water bodies in the region were water temperature and nutritional states.     

Attribution assessment and projection of natural runoff change in the Yellow River Basin of China

Climate variability and human activities are two driving factors in the hydrological cycle. The analysis of river basin hydrological response to this change in the past and future is scientifically essential for the improvement of water resource and land management. Using a water balance model based on Fu’ equation, the attribution of climate variability and land-use/land-cover change (LUCC) for natural runoff decrease was quantitatively assessed in the Yellow River Basin (YRB). With five general circulation model (GCM) s’ output provided by The Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISI-MIP), future runoff in the context of climate change was projected. The results show that (1) compared with other distributed hydrological models, the water balance model in this study has fewer parameters and simpler calculation methods, thus having advantages in hydrological simulation and projection in large scale; (2) during the last 50 years, the annual precipitation and runoff have decreased, while the mean temperature has increased in the YRB. The decrease of natural runoff between natural period (1961 to 1985) and impacted period (1986 to 2011) could be attributed to 27.1–49.8 and 50.2–72.9% from climate variability and LUCC, respectively. As the LUCC is the major driving factor of the decrease in the upper and middle reaches of the YRB, policymakers could focus on water resources management. While climate variability makes more contribution in the middle and lower reaches of the YRB, it is essential to study the impact of future climate change on water resources under different climate change scenarios, for planning and management agencies; (3) temperature and precipitation in the YRB were predicted to increase under RCP4.5. It means that the YRB will become warmer and wetter in the future. If we assume the land-use/land-cover condition during 2011 to 2050 is the same as that during 1986 to 2011, future annual average natural runoff in the YRB will increase by 14.4 to 16.8%. However, future runoff will still be lower than the average value during 1961 to 1985. In other words, although future climate change will cause the increase of natural runoff in the YRB, the negative effect of underlying surface condition variation is stronger. It is necessary to promote the sustainable development and utilization of water resources and to enhance adaptation capacity so as to reduce the vulnerability of the water resources system to climate change and human activities.     

电活化过硫酸盐降解全氟辛酸及其中间产物的探究分析

全氟化合物（PFCs）是一种新兴的持久性有机污染物,具有环境持久性、高毒性和难降解性,因此急需研发高效的降解方法.本文采用电化学恒电位电解法活化过硫酸盐,利用得到的具有强氧化性的SO₄^·-有效降解全氟辛酸（PFOA）,考察了恒定电位值、过硫酸钠的初始浓度、溶液初始pH值和共存离子对电活化过硫酸盐降解PFOA的影响.同时,结合超高效液相色谱-三重串联四级杆质谱联用仪（UPLC-MS/MS）和气相色谱与质谱联用仪（GC-MS）,对其降解的液相和气相中间产物进行探究.结果表明,在控制阴极电位为-1.8 V,初始过硫酸钠溶液浓度为200 mmol·L^-1,初始溶液pH=3.29,恒电位电解4 h后,PFOA去除率约达到60%.当体系中有NO₃^-、异丙醇和过硫酸钠共存时,PFOA降解效率明显提高（91%,4 h）,当有ClO₄^-存在时PFOA去除率约达到76.8%,但HCO₃^-和Cl^-的存在会出现抑制效果.通过对降解中间产物（短链PFCAs和加氢产物）和TOC去除率（62.5%,24 h）的监测分析,进而推断其可能的降解机理为SO₄^·-介导的Kolbe脱羧过程和羧酸逐步被加氢还原的过程.