分散式污水处理设施集约化管理创新探索

随着近年来大量农村污水处理设施的新建,项目污水处理设施面广、点多、单体规模小、污染物浓度变化大、经营困难等问题凸显,如何突破困境找到一条相对适合分散式污水处理设施的运营管理十分必要。本文提出了集约化管理创新探索,在生产标准化管理、人力资源管理、安全管理、设备设施管理及物资管理等方面全方位的总结了运营管理经验,为分散式污水处理设施管理提供了参考和借鉴。     

Utilization of MSWI fly ash as partial cement or sand substitute with focus on cementing efficiency and health risk assessment

• Washed MSWI fly ash was used as partial cement or sand substitute. • Sand replacing is beneficial for strength, while cement replacement reduces strength. • Cementing efficiency factor and mortar pore structure explain the strength results. • Health risk assessment was conducted for MSWI fly ash blended cement mortar. • CR and HI contributed by different exposures and heavy metals were analyzed. The strength of cement substituted mortar decreases with the increase in fly ash amount, whereas the strength increases when the fly ash is blended as sand substitute. A mortar with highest strength (compressive strength= 30.2 Mpa; flexural strength= 7.0 Mpa) was obtained when the sand replacement ratio was 0.75%. The k value (cementing efficiency) of fly ash varied between 0.36 and 0.15 for the fly ash fraction in binder between 5% and 25%. The k values of fly ash used for sand replacement were all significantly above that used for cement substitution. The macropores assigned to the gaps between particles decreased when the fly ash was used as sand replacement, providing an explanation for the strength enhancement. The waste-extraction procedure (toxicity-sulphuric acid and nitric acid method (HJ/T 299-2007)) was used to evaluate metal leaching, indicating the reuse possibility of fly ash blended mortar. For the mortar with the mass ratio of fly ash to binder of 0.5%, the carcinogenic risks (CR) and non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) in sensitive scenario for blended mortar utilization were 9.66 × 10^-7 and 0.06, respectively; these results were both lower than the threshold values, showing an acceptable health risk. The CR (9.89 × 10^-5) and HQ (3.89) of the non-sensitive scenario for fly ash treatment exceeded the acceptable threshold values, indicating health risks to onsite workers. The main contributor to the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk is Cr and Cd, respectively. The CR and HQ from inhalation was the main route of heavy metal exposure.     

Thermal conversion of rice husks and sawdust to liquid fuel

The paper focuses on studying the conversion of rice husks and sawdust into liquid fuel. Rice husks, sawdust and their mixture are pyrolyzed at temperatures between 420 and 540 degrees C, and the main product of liquid fuel is obtained. The experimental result shows that the yield of liquid fuel depends on various factors such as feedstock and temperature. The maximum yields for rice husks, sawdust and their mixture are 56%, 61% and 60% at 465, 490 and 475 degrees C, respectively. Analyses with GC-MS and other apparatus show that the liquid fuel is a complicated compound with low caloric value and can be directly used as a fuel oil for combustion in a boiler or a furnace without any upgrading. Alternatively, the fuel can be refined to be used by vehicles.     

长江河口硅和磷生源要素质量浓度的变化特征

根据近年来长江河口区域内大通水文站的记录和近期在长江入海河口区上海段多个采样点的生源要素质量浓度实测数据,比较水中可溶性硅酸盐和磷酸盐的质量浓度,分析在长江入海河口区水中硅和磷元素含量的主要变化特征.结果表明,长江水中的硅酸盐和磷酸盐从长江入海河口进入大海的过程中,其质量浓度有降低的趋势,它们在长江入海河口的多年的质量浓度变化趋势是相反的.长江入海河口区域上游的磷酸盐质量浓度升高幅度较大,而硅酸盐变化不大,硅酸盐、磷酸盐质量浓度在长江河口区进入海洋的过程中迅速降低.      

玻璃纸生产废气中CS2和H2S的治理

阐述了玻璃纸生产中CS2和H2S废气产生的原理,介绍了该废气处理的现状,总结了目前普遍采用的冷凝法、活性炭吸附法、活性碳纤维吸附法、改性活性炭吸附法、螯合铁氧化法、吸收-吸附法等处理方法的特点和效果。介绍了一种先采用螯合铁氧化法、再采用冷凝法、最后采用活性炭吸附法的综合处理工艺,可使废气达标排放。     

降低FCC再生烟气NOx排放助剂的实验室评价

通过采用ACE装置与烟气NOx分析仪器联用的实验室评价方法,可在更接近实际催化裂化反应-再生过程的条件下,评价助剂对再生烟气中NOx的催化转化性能,同时还可考察助剂的加入对催化裂化产品分布的影响。采用该方法对几种降NOx助剂的性能进行了评价,结果表明,在催化剂体系中含有Pt基CO助燃剂的情况下,加入4％的RDNO;助剂后,烟气NOx降低幅度约30％～40％,且催化裂化产品分布基本不受影响。     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸出废弃线路板中铜的研究

对废弃线路板中的铜进行了细菌浸出、只有硫酸亚铁环境下的浸出及酸浸出实验,研究了不同条件对比浸出效果,研究结果表明,细菌浸出比只有硫酸亚铁存在的浸出和酸浸要快得多。研究了在线路板粉末浓度12、24、40、60和120 g/L下浸出速率的变化,结果表明, 在考察范围内,浸出速度随着加入的废弃线路板粉末浓度的升高而降低,当线路板粉末的浓度＞60 g/L时,浸出速度维持在较低水平,选取24 g/L作为浸出的线路板粉末的浓度。分别在细菌培养0、24、48和72 h时加入线路板粉末24 g/L进行浸出实验,结果表明,细菌培养时间长,使得浸出过程进行得也更快。     

蜂窝煤燃烧氟污染的控制

以碳酸钙为固氟添加剂,以炉渣及粉煤灰等低氟材料取代全部或部分粘土作为粘结剂来制作蜂窝煤,进行了燃煤降氟的试验研究.结果表明,添加碳酸钙能有效降低蜂窝煤燃烧时候的氟排放,当煤:粘土:CaCO3的质量比为70:17:13时,碳酸钙的固氟效果最佳,氟的排放率可降低64.1%.以炉渣为粘结剂制作蜂窝煤能够显著降低燃烧时向外界排放的氟化物量,当煤:炉渣:CaCO3为80:8:12时,蜂窝煤燃烧排氟量较小且趋于稳定.已拌有一定剂量粉煤灰粘结剂的煤中添加15%的粘土后碳酸钙的固氟效果明显改善,当煤:粘土:粉煤灰:CaCO3为70:15:9:6时固氟效果最佳,此时蜂窝煤氟逸出率仅为18.2%,氟的减排率达到77.9%,显著优于未添加粘土时碳酸钙的固氟效果,蜂窝煤添加碳酸钙固氟剂进行高效固氟时,需同时适当增加粉煤灰加入量,以稳定固氟剂的高温固氟效果.     

膜蒸馏技术在石化废水处理领域的应用进展

综述了一种新型分离技术——膜蒸馏技术在石化废水处理领域的应用现状,重点介绍了在高盐度废水处理和挥发性有机物废水处理两个方面的进展;指出膜蒸馏应用过程中存在的主要问题是膜污染;预测了膜蒸馏及其集成技术在废水处理领域的发展前景。