Trophic states of creeks and their relationship to changes in water level in Xixi National Wetland Park,China

Urban wetland parks are a new type of urban park that have developed rapidly in recent years and have caught the attention of multiple governmental departments. The objective of this paper was to describe the trophic states of creeks and their relationship to water levels in an urban wetland park in Xixi, China. The study was based on temporal and spatial data collected monthly between March 2009 and March 2010. The results indicated that: (1) water quality significantly changed from upstream to downstream in study creeks. From upstream to downstream, water quality of creeks I and III improved; however, the water quality of creek IV and V declined; (2) trophic states in Xixi creeks differed according to seasons. Overall, the nutrition in creeks was measured at the slight eutrophication level. Nutrition was highest in summer and lowest in winter; (3) the relationship between water quality and water level differed dramatically between creeks. Water quality and water level in creek I was significantly negatively correlated, while no obvious trends were observed in other creeks. In order to improve water quality in creeks, the valid technique is to strengthen the management of inflowing water quality and then control water levels.     

气相色谱法测定工业废气中的异丙醇

用活性炭吸附管采集吸附工业废气中的异丙醇,经二硫化碳解析后由自动进样器送入气相色谱仪中分离并由FID检测器检测。2 mL二硫化碳解吸溶剂中异丙醇的绝对量为1.57~6.28 mg时,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.4%~7.6%(n=5);当样品采集量为10 L时,方法检出限为0.3 mg/m³。所用活性炭采样管对异丙醇的吸附效果良好,100 mg活性炭对异丙醇的穿透容量大于15 mg;二硫化碳溶剂对吸附在活性炭中的异丙醇解吸效果较好,异丙醇加标量为3.92~15.70 mg时,解吸效率为93.9%~100.5%。     

城市声环境功能区划中的3S技术应用探索

探索3S技术在声环境功能区划中的应用.根据噪声的相关标准规范,应用3S技术开展桂林城区声环境普查和声功能区划的划分.结合传统的噪声监测评价方法和模糊数学聚类方法,探讨3S资源利用和精度控制、GPS应用、影像解译和GIS空间分析中的作用、特点及问题.3S技术使监测部门拥有获取城市基础数据的能力.     

治理后的太湖无锡区域底质中重金属污染现状及生态风险评价

以2005年以后太湖无锡区域底质为研究对象,分析了太湖底泥中重金属的含量分布及富集状况,采用地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对重金属的生态危害进行评价。结果表明：太湖无锡区域底质受重金属轻度污染,含量高于全国水系沉积物平均值;地积累指数法显示太湖无锡区域底质中重金属污染排序为Cu=As〉Pb〉Zn〉Cr〉Cd〉Hg;金属对太湖无锡区域底质构成的潜在生态危害由强到弱为Hg〉Cu〉As〉Cd〉Pb〉Cr〉Zn;从区域上看,2种评价方法均表明底质中重金属危害程度为宜兴沿岸区〉梅梁湖〉五里湖〉贡湖无锡水域。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of Hangzhou: status,distribution, sources,and potential risk

Concentration, composition profile, spatial distribution, sources, and health risk of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in 69 surface soil samples collected from Hangzhou urban districts. ∑PAHs ranged from 180.77 to 1,981.45 μg kg^?1 with a mean of 611.28 μg kg^?1. Among different functional areas, a higher level of PAHs was found in the roadsides, followed by commercial districts, residential areas, parks, and greenbelts. The composition of PAHs was characterized by high molecular weight PAHs (4?~?6 rings). Principal component analysis (PCA) and PAH isomeric ratios indicated that PAHs mainly originated from combustion, especially vehicle exhaust. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) associated with exposures to PAHs in soil were calculated separately for children and adults under normal and extreme conditions. The results showed that ILCRs for urban soil of Hangzhou were acceptable. However, attentions should be attracted on the sites of high PAH concentrations because the ILCRs were closed to 10^?4 under extreme conditions, especially for children.     

镇江地区土壤中有机氯农药残留状况研究

2006年11月采集了镇江地区69个土壤表层样品,利用ASE萃取后使用GC（ECD）法测定样品中的BHC和滴滴涕的含量。结果表明,镇江地区土壤中的BHC的检出率不高,但是滴滴涕的检出率比较高;冲积平原的检出率高于林地和滩涂;蔬菜和水稻种植区域的污染比草地、灌木丛和林地严重。     

Assessment of non-occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through personal air sampling and urinary biomonitoring

Non-occupational inhalation and ingestion exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been studied in 8 non-smoking volunteers through personal air sampling and urinary biomonitoring. The study period was divided into 4 segments (2 days/segment), including weekdays with regular commute and weekends with limited traffic related exposures; each segment had a high or low PAH diet. Personal air samples were collected continuously from the subjects while at home, at work, and while commuting to and from work. All urine excretions were collected as individual samples during the study. In personal air samples, 28 PAHs were measured, and in urine samples 9 mono-hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PAHs) from 4 parent PAHs (naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene and pyrene) were measured. Naphthalene was found at higher concentrations in air samples collected at the subjects' residences, whereas PAHs with four or more aromatic rings were found at higher levels in samples taken while commuting. Urinary OH-PAH biomarker levels increased following reported high inhalation and/or dietary exposure. On days with a low PAH diet, the total amount of inhaled naphthalene during each 24-hour period was well correlated with the amount of excreted naphthols, as was, to a lesser extent, fluorene with its urinary metabolites. During days with a high dietary intake, only naphthalene was significantly correlated with its excreted metabolite. These findings suggest that this group of non-occupational subjects were exposed to naphthalene primarily through indoor air inhalation, and exposed to other PAHs such as pyrene mainly through ingestion.     

基于Landsat-8数据和劈窗算法的地表温度反演及城市热岛效应研究

陆地表面温度(Land Surface Temperature,LST)是地表能量平衡组分中的一个重要参数。随着卫星遥感技术的快速发展,遥感反演成为获取区域LST的一个重要手段。目前已有学者提出多种基于遥感数据反演LST的算法,其中劈窗算法被证明是一种精度较高的算法。基于Landsat-8卫星30 m空间分辨率的陆地成像仪(OLI)数据和100 m分辨率的热红外传感器(TIRS)数据,采用劈窗算法计算了无锡地区的LST,并采用地面实测水温数据和同步的MODIS温度产品对Landsat-8的计算结果进行了验证和对比分析。结果表明:基于Landsat-8数据和劈窗算法获取的LST精度较高,误差1K。在计算的LST结果基础上,进一步提取了热场变异指数来分析城市热岛空间分布特征,给出了城市热岛效应的定量化描述,并就不同地表覆盖类型对热岛效应的影响进行了分析。     

Spatial distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils from typical oil-sewage irrigation area, Northeast China

Air pollution is one of the major environmental problems in India, affecting health of thousands of 'urban' residents residing in mega cities. The need of the day is to evolve an 'effective' and 'efficient' air quality management plan (AQMP) encompassing the essential 'key players' and 'stakeholders.' This paper describes the formulation of an AQMP for mega cities like Delhi in India taking into account the aforementioned key 'inputs.' The AQMP formulation methodology is based on past studies of Longhurst et al., (Atmospheric Environment, 30, 3975-3985, 1996); Longhurst & Elsom, ((1997). Air Pollution-II, Vol. 2 (pp. 525-532)) and Beatti et al., (Atmospheric Environment, 35, 1479-1490, 2001). Further, the vulnerability analysis (VA) has been carried out to evaluate the stresses due to air pollution in the study area. The VA has given the vulnerability index (VI) of 'medium to high' and 'low' at urban roadways/intersections and residential areas, respectively.     

Satellite detection of land-use change and effects on regional forest aboveground biomass estimates

We used remote-sensing-driven models to detect land-cover change effects on forest aboveground biomass (AGB) density (Mg.ha(-1), dry weight) and total AGB (Tg) in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan USA, between the years 1992-2001, and conducted an evaluation of the approach. Inputs included remotely-sensed 1992 reflectance data and land-cover map (University of Maryland) from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and 2001 products from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) at 1-km resolution for the region; and 30-m resolution land-cover maps from the National Land Cover Data (NLCD) for a subarea to conduct nine simulations to address our questions. Sensitivity analysis showed that (1) AVHRR data tended to underestimate AGB density by 11%, on average, compared to that estimated using MODIS data; (2) regional mean AGB density increased slightly from 124 (1992) to 126 Mg ha(-1) (2001) by 1.6%; (3) a substantial decrease in total forest AGB across the region was detected, from 2,507 (1992) to 1,961 Tg (2001), an annual rate of -2.4%; and (4) in the subarea, while NLCD-based estimates suggested a 26% decrease in total AGB from 1992 to 2001, AVHRR/MODIS-based estimates indicated a 36% increase. The major source of uncertainty in change detection of total forest AGB over large areas was due to area differences from using land-cover maps produced by different sources. Scaling up 30-m land-cover map to 1-km resolution caused a mean difference of 8% (in absolute value) in forest area estimates at the county-level ranging from 0 to 17% within a 95% confidence interval.