昆明市大气PM_(10)污染分析与防治对策研究

通过分析昆明市建成区PM10污染水平、时空变化、气象影响、与PM2.5的关联性,提出相应的防治对策和措施。     

两种不锈钢在冷却塔冷凝酸液中的耐蚀性能

目的分析304不锈钢和316L不锈钢在电厂冷却塔内海水及烟气形成的模拟冷凝酸液环境中的耐蚀性能。方法利用浸泡试验和电化学试验方法测试两种不锈钢在模拟冷凝酸液中的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀率和极化曲线。结果 304不锈钢在模拟冷凝酸液中的耐蚀性能较差,其腐蚀率及钝态稳定性受冷凝酸液pH值的影响较大;316L不锈钢在模拟冷凝酸液中的耐蚀性能较好,其腐蚀率及钝态稳定性受冷凝酸液pH值的影响较小。结论 316L不锈钢在冷却塔冷凝酸液中的耐蚀性能明显优于304不锈钢。     

多胺功能化介孔炭对Pb（Ⅱ）的吸附动力学与机制

采用硝酸氧化和乙二胺聚合在微波辅助磷酸活化中孔蔗渣基介孔炭孔道内修饰了含氮多胺基团,制备了多胺功能化生物质炭材料AC-EDA,分析了溶液pH、初始浓度和吸附时间等参数对材料吸附Pb(Ⅱ)影响,探讨了其动力学吸附行为与吸附机制.结果表明,多胺功能化炭材料AC-EDA对Pb(Ⅱ)有较好的吸附效率,5 min内可达饱和吸附量的70%;酸性条件下,增大溶液pH有利于Pb(Ⅱ)吸附;材料AC-EDA对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附位能量存在差异化,在吸附初始阶段,吸附速率由颗粒内扩散控制,中后期主要由膜扩散控制;准二级方程能很好地描述多胺功能化炭材料对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附动力学行为.AC-EDA对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附是自发的吸热反应过程,提高温度对铅(Ⅱ)离子吸附有促进作用;D-K-R吸附能>11 kJ·mol-1,表明化学反应在Pb(Ⅱ)吸附过程中起主导作用;吸附Pb(Ⅱ)前后的AC-EDA材料XPS图谱表明,多胺基团参与了吸附反应,是材料高效吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的重要因素.     

Distribution and transportability of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in the Asia-Pacific region using skipjack tuna as a bioindicator

The geographical distribution of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was investigated through analysis of muscle tissue of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) collected from offshore waters of Asia-Pacific region (Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia, Seychelles, Brazil, Japan Sea, East China Sea, South China Sea, Indian Ocean and North Pacific Ocean). HBCD was detected in almost all samples analyzed (<0.1 to 45 ng/g lipid weight basis), indicating widespread presence of this compound in the marine environment. Elevated concentrations of HBCD were found in skipjack tuna from areas around Japan, which have the larger modern industrial/urban societies, and implicated these areas as primary regional sources. All three individual HBCD isomers (alpha-, gamma- and beta-HBCD) were detected in almost all samples; the percentage contribution of the alpha-isomer to total HBCD increased with increasing latitude. The estimated empirical 1/2 distance for alpha-HBCD was 8500 km, which is one of the highest atmospheric transportability among various halogenated persistent organic pollutants (POPs).     

A survey of radon level in underground buildings in China

From 2003-2004, using solid state nuclear detectors, a survey of the air radon level in 234 underground buildings in 23 cities of China was carried out during spring as well as summer and winter. The annual radon concentrations in these underground buildings range from 14.9 to 2482 Bq m(-3), with an overall mean value of 247 Bqm(-3). When radon concentrations are averaged according to cities, Fuzhou and Baotou have the relatively higher radon levels, which are 714 and 705 Bqm(-3), respectively. Guangzhou and Shanghai have the relatively lower radon levels with 71.1 and 72.6 Bqm(-3). The annual effective dose by exposure to radon received by people working in these cities is concluded to be 1.6 mSv. The geological formation, coating level, decorating materials and ventilation situation all affect the radon concentration in underground buildings. The radon level in underground buildings has the lowest value in winter and the highest value in summer.     

The extremely high 137Cs inventory in the Sulu Sea: a possible mechanism

Large-volume seawater samples were collected in the Sulu and South China Seas and their (137)Cs activities were determined by gamma-ray spectrometry using a low background type high-purity Ge detector. Vertical distributions of (137)Cs activity showed an exponential decrease in the South China Sea, whereas a subsurface maximum at 200m depth and monotonic decrease below 300m were observed in the Sulu Sea. A significant difference in intermediate water (137)Cs activities in the 500-2000m depth was observed between the Sulu and South China Seas, i.e., the (137)Cs activities in the Sulu Sea were remarkably higher than those in the South China Sea. The difference in the (137)Cs inventory below 500m was approximately 1200Bqm(-2) between the Sulu and South China Seas. The (137)Cs total inventory of 3200Bqm(-2) in the Sulu Sea was 5.7 times higher than that expected from global fallout. A possible mechanism controlling this extremely high (137)Cs total inventory may be inflows of the (137)Cs rich water masses through the Luzon Strait, lateral transport across the Mindoro Strait into the Sulu Sea, and then subduction into the deep layer in the basin.     

中黄山水准高值异常变化原因分析

双山—李家庄断裂上的中黄山水准自2006年年底年出现持续大幅度的上升变化。结合当地降雨、地质条件和水库蓄水量的分析，认为2006年干旱是；}起水准大幅度上升的主导性因素。     

The combination of subsoil and the incorporation of corn stover affect physicochemical properties of soil and corn yield in semi-arid China

ABSTRACT

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of combining subsoil and incorporation of corn stover on soil profile, soil physicochemical properties, and corn yield. A five-year field trial was conducted that consisted of two treatments arranged in a completely random design and replicated three times. Two soil management operations were tested: subsoil + corn stover incorporation (plow construction [PC] treatment) and conventional rotary tillage (control check [CK] treatment). Compared with rotary tillage, it was found that combining subsoil and corn stover incorporation significantly affected corn grain yield in all seasons. Further, combining subsoil and corn stover incorporation significantly increased the thickness of the plow layer, quantity of plow layer soil, thickness of the plow pan and soil bulk density, as well as soil organic matter, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium. Evidence indicates that reconstructing the soil plow layer through combination of subsoil and corn stover incorporation improved soil structure, nutrient content, and corn yield. It is of interest that farmers are now applying subsoil and returning crop straw instead of solely relying on rotary tillage.