河源城南污水处理厂尾水深度处理效果的研究

河源市城南污水处理厂利用垂直流人工湿地对该厂A2-O工艺处理的尾水进行深度处理,研究了人工湿地对尾水中TN、NH4+-N、TP、COD、BOD5的去除效果。结果表明:人工湿地对污水处理厂尾水具有较好的深度处理效果,垂直流人工湿地处理系统对尾水中TN、NH4+-N、TP、COD和BOD5平均去除率分别达到97.4%、97.8%、95.06%、91.87%和95.87%以上,其出水水质基本达GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准,地表水Ⅲ类标准。     

Tolerance of the black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) to pH value,pungency, and NaCl in foodstuffs北大核心CSCD

The black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, has been considered impressive as a saprophagous insect, for its high ability to convert organic waste to insect protein and oil. Hence, it has been regarded by the municipal administration that BSF might be used as a medium to deal with food waste. However, food waste in China has been characterized as having a high salt content, oily, and very spicy, which usually renders them unsuitable for animal feeding. In order to assess the technological reliability for BSF conversion of food waste, the tolerance of BSF for pH values, pungency, and NaCl in food were investigated in this case. Results indicated that strong acidity (pH = 3) was not good for the development of BSF, demonstrating less body weight and eclosion failure. In contrast, strong basicity (pH = 11) seemed to be beneficial for larval development with high biomass, and there is no difference in pupation, eclosion, larval biomass, and livability for BSF for pH values between 5 and 11. With regards to salinity, liner correlations were observed; the salinity strength increased along with the extension of the larval phase, but body weight, pupation rate, emerging rate, and livability were still consistent under 6% density of salinity. Influence of pungency on BSF larvae has not yet been found. In conclusion, BSF showed a high tolerance to pH value, pungency, and salinity in foodstuffs. Hence, it is expected that food waste from common environments might have a lesser possibility to cause negative effects on BSF development, which could be good news for BSF conversion technology. As for the process design, the conclusion suggested that food waste optimum for BSF is expected to be alkaline and low-salt, which would be helpful to improve the efficiency and harvest. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Toxicity of the pyrethroid bifenthrin insecticide

Bifenthrin is a chiral synthetic pyrethroid insecticide that has been commonly used for agricultural and domestic pest control over the past decades. Due to its widespread application, residues of bifenthrin has been frequently detected in environmental media, residential areas and biota, thus posing potential risks to the health of wildlife and humans. In particular, bifenthrin exhibits high acute lethal toxicity to aquatic species, and it is the primary contributor to the toxicity of insecticides in waters. Additionally, bifenthrin can also cause sublethal toxic effects on various non-target organisms, including developmental toxicity, neurobehavioral toxicity, oxidative damage, immune toxicity and endocrine disrupting effects. Here we review recent studies about the fate of bifenthrin in the environment and biological systems, the toxicity of the chiral parent compound bifenthrin and the toxic effects of main metabolites. The adverse effects of bifenthrin, identified from both in vitro and in vivo studies, and the potential underlying mechanisms are presented. We discuss the enantiomeric difference in the toxicological effects of bifenthrin, since enantiomers of chiral compounds show different interactions with biological systems. Pyrethroid insecticides metabolites are not acutely toxic, but they have sublethal toxicity, such as endocrine disrupting effects and immunotoxicity. We provide emerging evidence for toxic effects of several main metabolites.     

大气颗粒物中类腐殖质的测定、理化特性及健康影响

类腐殖质(humic-like substance,HULIS)是一类水溶性、相对分子量高的有机混合物,常见于雾滴、云滴、积雪和大气颗粒物(PM)中.本文主要综述了大气PM中HULIS的提取和分析方法、毒理性、吸光特性和光敏性,重点探讨了PM中有机物和过渡金属(尤其是Fe离子)产生活性氧化性物种(reactive oxygen species,ROS)从而破坏DNA的致毒机理,进一步提出HULIS(含有可逆的氧化还原位点)单独或与过渡金属螯合成有机-金属配体形成ROS的机理.最后对未来大气HULIS的研究方向进行了展望,指出今后应该加强大气HULIS、金属等通过细胞内催生ROS的测定及细胞毒性相关的研究,并关注HULIS的化学结构、分子组分等的定量分析,更好地揭示物质结构与细胞毒性之间的作用机制和关系,以期为大气HULiS的健康影响提供支持.     

2016冬季京津冀一次持续重度霾天气过程分析

2016年12月16~21日我国京津冀地区发生了一次持续重度霾天气过程.为了进一步加深对霾的认识和提高对霾的分析预报能力,利用多种资料,对此次重度霾天气过程的环流背景和气象要素等进行了综合性分析.结果表明,此次过程持续时间长,污染强度大,影响范围广,能见度低,以外来输送为主,气溶胶主要分布在600 m以下高度,有一定的极端异常性,静稳天气指数与空气质量指数有较好的对应关系;京津冀地区高空受高压脊前的纬向环流控制,维持偏西气流,冷空气活动弱,以下沉气流为主,水汽含量较低,高空云量较少,低空有暖脊北伸,地面位于高压东南部,受均压场控制,气压梯度较小,受偏南风影响,污染物易于堆积;地面静小风,相对湿度较高,混合层高度较低,不利于污染物的水平和垂直扩散.     

沈阳冬季灰霾日大气颗粒物元素粒径分布特征

为分析沈阳市冬季灰霾日大气颗粒物元素粒径分布特征,2009年1月14日─2月2日,用安德森分级撞击式采样器进行大气颗粒物分级采样,并用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对各级样品中Na和K等30余种元素进行分析,讨论了灰霾日、非霾日及除夕日大气颗粒物元素质量浓度和富集因子的粒径分布特征及来源. 结果表明:灰霾日大气颗粒物及其元素的质量浓度均高于非霾日,粒径越细,质量浓度越高,越容易富集污染元素.Fe类元素以地壳元素为主,其质量浓度的粒径分布在非霾日呈双峰型,最高峰值出现在9.0～10 μm粗粒径段;该类元素的粒径分布在灰霾日和除夕日呈三峰型,质量浓度的最高峰值也在9.0～10 μm粗粒径段. Mn类元素在非霾日的质量浓度分布与Fe类元素相似,也呈双峰型,最高峰值出现在9.0～10 μm粗粒径段;但其在灰霾日和除夕日呈双峰型,最高峰值却出现在粒径<1.1 μm的细粒径段. K类和Zn类元素的质量浓度和富集因子的粒径分布均呈单峰型,峰值出现在粒径<1.1 μm的细粒径段. K类元素主要来源于烟花爆竹释放;Zn类元素主要源于人为污染,Pb和As等污染元素因其来源不同,在灰霾日和非霾日的表现也不相同.      

辽宁地区大气黑碳气溶胶质量浓度在线连续观测

利用2008年3月—2009年2月辽宁沈阳、大连、鞍山、抚顺和本溪ρ(黑碳)观测资料,分析了其变化特征及重要影响因子. 结果表明,5个城市小时ρ(黑碳)的变幅较大,最小值出现在抚顺秋季的2008年9月23日00:00,ρ(黑碳)为0.14 μg/m3,最大值出现在本溪冬季的2008年11月11日08:00,ρ(黑碳)为64.52 μg/m3;本溪ρ(黑碳)日均值最高,为6.87 μg/m3,其次是沈阳、鞍山和抚顺,大连的ρ(黑碳)日均值最小,为3.18 μg/m3;ρ(黑碳)日变化有明显的峰值和谷值,最高值一般出现在06:00─09:00和17:00─19:00,低值出现在02:00─04:00和12:00─15:00;风速对ρ(黑碳)有重要影响,当风速<3.5 m/s时,ρ(黑碳)随风速增大而减小,当风速>3.5 m/s时,风速对ρ(黑碳)的影响不大;后向风轨迹较好地反映污染物在不同城市区域间的传输特征,在冬季沈阳以上风区域北部影响为主;ρ(黑碳)日均值变化和大气低层垂直温度梯度变化有较好的对应关系.      

滇池内湖滨带沉积物中重金属形态分析

采用BCR3步分级提取法测定了滇池内湖滨带沉积物中4种重金属(Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn)不同形态的含量,初步评估了这4种重金属的生物有效性.结果表明,Cd和Zn主要以可提取态存在(即弱酸溶解态、可还原态和可氧化态),而Pb和Cu均以残渣态为主要存在形式.通过计算可提取态含量所占总量百分量大小,可知各金属的生物有效性大小排序为:Zn(53.06%)>Cd(50.84%)>Cu(34.62%)> Pb(28.65%).沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)与各金属不同形态间的相关性分析表明,可氧化态重金属与有机碳结合的趋势远大于弱酸溶解态和可还原态.表层沉积物中可提取态重金属的空间分布特征明显表现为草海>外海,除Cu外,大部分样点的可提取态Pb、Cd和Zn含量均随采样深度增加而减少.     

沈阳地区霾的环境特征研究

利用沈阳市1961—2009年的气象资料,分析了霾天气出现的年季特征及其天气形势特征。利用边界层气象资料与污染物质量浓度资料对特定的霾过程从边界层到污染物质量浓度条件进行了分析。结果表明：沈阳地区霾的出现呈现逐年上升的趋势,近5 a平均每年为120 d左右,目前霾天数已经占到了全年的30%~40%。冬秋季节出现霾天气较多,秋冬两季霾日数占全年霾日总数的75%。凌晨到上午是霾出现的高发期,02—08时霾出现频率占总霾数的44.5%。霾的出现主要发生在冬秋季节冷空气势力不强,大气扩散能力较弱,边界层出现逆温时刻。接地逆温层厚度常常稳定在200~300 m高度左右,PM10质量浓度与能见度（霾）呈负相关,相关系数-0.402 7。风速与能见度（霾）呈正相关,相关系数为0.886 4。     

Sorption of tetracycline to sediments and soils: assessing the roles of pH,the presence of cadmium and properties of sediments and soils

Batch sorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the sorption behavior of tetracycline (TC, H₃L) on sediments and soils in the presence and absence of cadmium (Cd), as affected by pH and properties of sediments and soils. The results indicated stronger nonlinearity and higher capacity of TC sorption on sediments than on soils. Sorption of TC also strongly depended on environmental factors and sediment/soil properties. Lower pH facilitated TC sorption through a cation exchange mechanism, which also took place at pH values above 5.5, where TC existed as a zwitterion (H₂L⁰) or anions (HL^- and L^2-). When pH was above 7, however, ligand-promoted dissolution of TC might occur due to TC weakening the Al-O bond of aluminum oxide and the Fe-O bond of iron oxide. Natural organic matter (NOM) plays a more important role in TC sorption than cation exchange capacity (CEC) and clay contents. The presence of Cd (II) increased TC sorption on both sediments and soils, which resulted from the decrease of equilibrium solution pH caused by Cd²⁺ exchange with H⁺ ions of sediment/soil surfaces. The increase of TC sorption was also related to the formation of TC-Cd complexes, where Cd²⁺ acted as a bridge between the sediment/soil and TC.