机动车尾气对人体健康的危害

随着城市机动车保有量的不断增加,机动车尾气已经成为影响我国城市大气环境的主要问题之一。本文以儿童和交通警察两类人群为例,分析了机动车尾气污染给人体呼吸系统、免疫系统、心脑血管系统等造成的危害。结果表明,由于儿童的呼吸带与机动车尾气排放带非常接近,交警在机动车尾气环境中暴露事件太长,导致这两类人群的呼吸系统极易遭到破坏,发生支气管炎等疾病的概率大大增加;而免疫球蛋白水平和血压发生改变导致了抵抗能力的下降。最后建议通过采取发展公共交通、加强城市交通管理、完善检查维修制度等有效措施加强机动车尾气治理,减少对人体健康产生的危害。     

解磷微生物肥料的研究与进展

磷是植物生长必需的矿物质元素之一,在土壤中易被固定降低其有效性,目前,研究和生产含有解磷功能的微生物有机肥料是转化土壤中无效磷、提高磷肥利用率的有效途径之一。叙述了解磷微生物犯料中微生物的种类、生态分布规律和影响高效解磷微生物选育的外部因素,概述了解磷微生物菌肥的应用和研究进展,探讨了解磷微生物肥料的应用价值。为解磷微生物未来的研究重点提出理论依据。．     

印染废水处理提标小试研究

利用"水解酸化+强化好氧+深度处理"的工艺技术方案开展印染废水小试研究。在工艺前端采用混流式和升流式两级水解酸化池,后续在曝气池投加活性焦载体,提高污泥浓度,强化好氧池处理能力,最后对生化出水加药混凝,并用生物活性焦滤池进行深度处理。结果表明,该处理工艺适宜处理印染废水,处理效果达到处理提标要求。     

Adsorption performance of CMK-3 and C-FDU-15 in NO removal at low temperature

CMK-3 and C-FDU-15 samples were synthesized using hard-templating and evaporationinduced self-assembly(EISA) methods,respectively.The pore structures of CMK-3 and CFDU-15 as well as commercial activated carbon were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction,field emission scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,and N_2 adsorption–desorption.Adsorption of NO was investigated by means of thermogravimetric analysis,temperature-programmed desorption of NO + O_2,and in situ diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The results show that the CMK-3 and C-FDU-15 materials possessed ordered and uniform structures.The coadsorption capacity of NO and O_2 decreased in the sequence CMK-3(88.6 mg/g) C-FDU-15(71.7 mg/g) AC(25.3 mg/g).There were two main adsorption species on CMK-3 and CFDU-15:nitrite and nitrate.Nitrite is converted to nitrate easily.However,the adsorption species were more complex on AC,with nitrite being the main species.Moreover,CMK-3 and C-FDU-15 exhibit excellent regeneration efficiency compared with AC.The excellent NO adsorption performance of CMK-3 and C-FDU-15 was associated with their ordered mesoporous structures and high surface areas.The research provides more options for NO adsorption in the future.     

2011年春季辽宁一次沙尘天气过程及其对不同粒径颗粒物和空气质量的影响

利用2011年5月11—12日辽宁沙尘天气过程的相关资料,分析了沙尘天气对不同粒径颗粒物及空气质量的影响及此次沙尘过程的天气成因.结果表明:沙尘天气发生前后可吸入颗粒物PM₁₀、PM_2.5和PM₁的浓度变化很大,沈阳、鞍山、本溪和丹东4城市PM₁₀、PM_2.5的小时浓度最大值都增大了1.5~20倍;粗粒子PM_(2.5~10)的数量浓度分别增加了30~41倍,质量浓度分别增加了27~30倍;细粒子PM_(1~2.5)的质量浓度分别增加了30~35倍,数量浓度分别增加了15~30倍;微粒子的数量浓度和质量浓度各城市表现不同,沈阳微粒子的数量浓度和质量浓度最大值增大了3倍和5倍,而鞍山PM₁的数量浓度和质量浓度分别减少了50%和10%.受蒙古气旋的影响内蒙古地区产生大风降温天气,大风将内蒙古地区的沙尘带到高空并随西风带向东移动进入辽宁,由于辽宁地区风速比较小,造成了辽宁大部分地区的浮尘天气,并对辽宁各地空气质量造成了严重影响,除丹东外辽宁其他13个城市空气质量都达到了轻微污染到重度污染的级别,铁岭、阜新、沈阳和抚顺的污染指数分别超过了300,达到了重度污染的级别.     

壬基酚和双酚A对雄性斑马鱼(Danio rerio)卵黄蛋白原mRNA的诱导效应

为了对野外环境中内分泌干扰物更快速有效地进行检测,运用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术检测了17β-雌二醇(E2)、壬基酚(NP)和双酚A(BPA)对雄性成体斑马鱼肝脏合成卵黄蛋白原(VTG)mRNA的诱导作用,并初步探讨了VTGmRNA体内代谢动力学模式.结果表明,随着暴露浓度的升高(E2:20、100、250、500ng·L-1;NP:20、100、250、500μg·L-1;BPA:50、100、250、500、1000μg·L-1),VTGmRNA表达量均显著增加,VTGmRNA表达量与暴露浓度具有明显的剂量-效应关系.在10d的暴露期内,随着暴露时间的延长,VTGmRNA表达量均显著增加,VTGmRNA表达量与暴露时间呈明显的时间-效应关系;停止暴露后,VTGmRNA表达量迅速下降,E2诱导的表达消失得最快(4d),而NP、BPA诱导的表达持续时间相对较长(6d).     

阿特拉津在土壤中的生物降解研究

运用恒温培养法研究了阿特拉津在河北省白洋淀地区农田土壤中的生物降解动力学,并从中分离鉴定了土壤中降解阿特拉津的优势菌种,研究结果表明,该土壤对阿特拉津具有一定的降解能力,非生物＋生物的降解、非生物降解和生物降解的速率分别为０．０２６２ｄ＾－１,０．００５５４８ｄ＾－１和０．００８１９４ｄ＾－１,半衰期分别为２６ｄ,１２５ｄ和８５ｄ,发现土壤中降解阿特拉津的优势菌种为蜡状芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ     

Identification of rice cultivars with low brown rice mixed cadmium and lead contents and their interactions with the micronutrients iron, zinc, nickel and manganese

Paddy fields in mining areas are usually co-contaminated by a cocktail of mixed toxic heavy metals (e.g., Cd and Pb in Pb/Zn mines). However, previous studies on rice cultivars screened for effective metal exclusion have mostly focused on individual metals, and have been conducted under pot-trial or hydroponic solution conditions. This study identified rice cultivars with both low Cd and Pb accumulation under Cd-and Pb-contaminated field conditions, and the interactions of the toxic elements Cd and Pb with the micronutrient elements Fe, Zn, Mn and Ni were also studied. Among 32 rice cultivars tested, there were significant differences in Cd (0.06-0.59 mg/kg) and Pb (0.25-3.15 mg/kg) levels in their brown rice, and similar results were also found for the micronutrient elements. Significant decreases in concentrations of Fe and Mn were detected with increasing Cd concentrations and a significant elevation in Fe, Mn and Ni with increasing Pb concentrations. A similar result was also shown by Cd and Ni. Three cultivars were identified with a combination of low brown rice Cd and Pb, high micronutrient and grain yield (Wufengyou 2168, Tianyou 196 and Guinongzhan). Present results suggest that it is possible to breed rice cultivars with low mixed toxic element (Cd, Pb) and high micronutrient contents along with high grain yields, thus ensuring food safety and quality.     

兰州市城区河道表层沉积物磁性特征研究

通过系统的环境磁学测定,分析了兰州市城区河道表层沉积物的磁学性质及其对城市污染的指示意义.结果表明,兰州市城区河道表层沉积物样品磁性特征以亚铁磁性矿物的磁铁矿为主导,同时存在少量赤铁矿和针铁矿贡献.根据参数χFD、χARM、χFD/MS和χARM/MS所指示的人为活动排放物对不同河段沉积物的贡献量将兰州市河流分为3类:末端集中型(排洪沟、寺儿沟、鱼儿沟、水磨沟),源头集中型(七里河、烂泥沟),影响较小型(罗锅沟、大沙沟).与有机质测量结果比较发现,兰州市河道沉积物样品有机质含量与超顺磁颗粒及单畴晶粒具有十分显著的正相关关系,说明了细颗粒磁性矿物对有机碳的富集作用,显示了超顺磁颗粒及单畴颗粒含量作为兰州市城区河道表层沉积物有机质含量的代用指标具有良好的指示意义.     

Robust magnetic laccase-mimicking nanozyme for oxidizing o-phenylenediamine and removing phenolic pollutants

In this study, we report a novel magnetic biomimetic nanozyme(Fe_3O_4@Cu/GMP(guanosine5′-monophosphate)) with high laccase-like activity, which could oxidize toxic ophenylenediamine(OPD) and remove phenolic compounds.The magnetic laccase-like nanozyme was readily obtained via complexed Cu~(2+)and GMP that grew on the surface of magnetic Fe_3O_4 nanoparticles.The prepared Fe_3O_4@Cu/GMP catalyst could be magnetically recycled for at least five cycles while still retaining above 70% activity.As a laccase mimic,Fe_3O_4@Cu/GMP had more activity and robust stability than natural laccase for the oxidization of OPD.Fe_3O_4@Cu/GMP retained about 90% residual activity at 90℃ and showed little change at pH 3–9, and the nanozyme kept its excellent activity after long-term storage.Meanwhile, Fe_3O_4@Cu/GMP had better activity for removing phenolic compounds, and the removal of naphthol was more than 95%.Consequently, the proposed Fe_3O_4@Cu/GMP nanozyme shows potential for use as a robust catalyst for applications in environmental remediation.