Reflections on the Connotations of Ecotourism

As the most desirable option for sustainable development of tourism industry, ecotourism still suffers from lack of a clear-cut and widely accepted definition, posing many risks and threats in its practices. Based on collection and collation of various concepts and explanations of ecotourism both at home and abroad, this paper reflects on the current connotations of ecotourism in terms of four aspects, namely, objects of ecotourism, ecotourists, nature of ecotourism as well as the relationship between ecotourism and communities. In-depth analysis was performed in an effort to revise the misinterpretation of ecotourism and provide implications for ecotourism initiatives. The main conclusions and fruits of this article include： 1） The objects of eeotourism should go beyond natural, pristine, or even only primitive natural areas to including cultural resources together with their natural context which also deserve preservation. 2） Tourism operators, compared to tourists, have more leverage and hence should shoulder more responsibilities for conservation. 3） Ecotourism should serve as a principle to guide tourism initiatives towards sustainability, rather than merely a special tour package. 4） The theoretic foundation was laid for community participation in ecotourism.     

生物活性炭深度处理和回用钢铁工业废水

针对钢铁工业废水的水质特点,采用生物活性炭工艺对钢铁工业达标排放的废水进行深度处理试验.结果表明,在生物活性炭滤柱滤速为1.6 m/h、停留时间为45 min的运行工况下,生物活性炭对钢铁工业废水中的浊度、铁、锰均有较高的去除率,出水水质达到《城市污水再生利用工业用水水质》(GB/T19923-2005)要求.     

Characteristics of heavy metals in soils and grains of wheat and maize from farmland irrigated with sewage

The farmland irrigation with the sewage is a common and better pathway to save the resource of groundwater in Northern China. The investigation was conducted in the farmland along the Fuhe River to explore characteristics of heavy metals in soils and grains of wheat and maize from a long-term sewage-irrigated area of Baoding region. The results showed that the topsoil with long-term sewage irrigation accumulated more Cd, Pb, and Hg compared with that of soil irrigated with groundwater and their corresponding natural background values. Cd concentrations in 48% of sewage-irrigated soil samples exceeded the Chinese safety limitation at 0.6 mg/kg, but less Cd accumulated in crop grains and did not pose the potential health risk. On the contrary, Pb levels in soils irrigated with sewage were lower than the safety limitation but Pb concentrations in 24% of wheat grain samples exceeded the Chinese national safety limit. Long-term sewage irrigation did not increase As, Cr, and Ni concentrations in soils or crop grains. The target hazard quotient (THQ) of heavy metals in edible grains of crops was selected to assess their risk to human health. Total THQ values were higher than 1.0 for the wheat samples from sewage-irrigated area and both sewage-irrigated and smelter-impacted areas, and As is the main contributor to the total THQ and posed the potential risk to human health. Therefore, the accumulation of Cd, Pb, Hg, and As in soils and crops in sewage-irrigated area should be monitored continuously to ensure food safety and security.

     

大气细粒子阳离子表面有机活性物质分析方法的优化

分别从样品前处理和分析测定两方面对大气细粒子中阳离子表面有机活性物质的二硫蓝分光光度分析法进行优化,并采用优化方案对北京市大气细粒子进行了分析.结果表明:① 优化的最佳样品前处理条件中超声提取频率为40 Hz、初始水浴温度为30℃、超声提取时间为30 min;② 优化的最佳分析测定条件中二硫蓝使用量为1.29 mg（0.5 mL的2.58 g/L二硫蓝溶液）、最佳静置时间为30 min、醋酸盐缓冲液（pH为5）最佳使用量为3 mL.二硫蓝分光光度法优化方案标准曲线的R2为0.9986,线性较好.采用该优化方案测得的北京市大气细粒子中阳离子表面有机活性物质浓度的平均值为12.87 pmol/m3,其浓度水平数量级是阴离子表面有机活性物质的1/10,其浓度水平高于英国诺威奇与爱丁堡,但低于马来西亚吉隆坡.      

算术平均法、百分位数法和滑动平均法空气质量评价对比分析及其揭示的信息

综合采用算术平均法、百分位数法和滑动平均法对空气质量进行评价对比分析,可以更加全面、客观、精细、准确地描述空气质量状况,发现其内在规律,揭示不同城市的问题。对比分析发现,全国169个城市空气质量改善程度用算术均值与百分位数测算存在一定差异,并进一步反映出2017年空气质量改善主要归功于污染较为严重天气的减少,2018年主要归功于空气质量良好及轻度污染天气的增加。169个城市PM_(2. 5)浓度的中位数与算术均值之间具有较好的线性关系且越来越强,反映出重污染天气控制取得成效。各区域和城市百分位数同比变化情况反映了大气污染防治不同阶段的工作重点及成效不同:京津冀及周边"2+26"个城市2017年空气质量改善以降低污染天气为主,2018年以增加优良天气为主;珠三角地区和长三角地区都是以增加空气质量为良的天气为主。3年滑动均值比年均值曲线下降更为平缓,更能准确反映污染治理成效。建议深入研究空气质量信息,采用多种评价方法科学、客观、全面地评价污染治理情况。     

我国新时代美丽城市建设分异性策略研究

城市是现代化的重要载体,建设美丽城市是推进人与自然和谐共生的中国式现代化的重要举措,是全面推进美丽中国建设的重要部分。国内外城市生态文明建设发展历程表明,人类对于城市生态环境的认识和探索伴随着城镇化、工业化发展而成长。本研究通过梳理国内外城市生态文明建设的发展历程,结合各类城市所处的发展阶段,分析美丽城市建设面临的问题和挑战,提出美丽城市建设要顺应城市发展规律,分类施策,超大、特大城市加强可持续发展,中部省会(自治区首府)城市注重精细化高质量发展,中、西部非省会(自治区首府)城市防止污染转移,中小城市突出建设和美家园,以期为新时代美丽城市建设分异性策略提供参考。     

TOF–SIMS surface analysis of chemical components of size–fractioned urban aerosols in a typical heavy air pollution event in Beijing

Size–fractioned atmospheric aerosol particles were collected during a typical heavy air pollution event in Beijing. The organic and inorganic components on the surfaces of the samples were analyzed using time–of–flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(TOF–SIMS).The variation characteristics of the surface chemical composition and influencing factors were studied, and the possible sources of these chemical compositions were identified through principal component analysis. The results showed that inorganic components such as crustal elements and sulfate, and organic components such as aliphatic hydrocarbons and oxygen–containing organic groups were present. Some surface components, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals and fluorides may exert adverse effects on human health. The species and relative percentages of the chemical components varied with particle size, diurnal and pollution progress. During a heavy pollution event, the species and relative percentages of secondary components such as oxygen–containing organic groups and sulfurous compounds increased, indicating that particles aged during this event. The surface chemical composition of the aerosol particles was affected mainly by emissions from coal combustion and motor vehicles. In addition, air pollution, meteorological factors, and air mass transport also exerted a significant effect on the surface chemical composition of aerosol particles.     

基于稳定碳同位素的济南市二元羧酸类SOA的污染特征与形成机制

为研究济南市冬季PM_2.5中二元羧酸类二次有机气溶胶（SOA）的来源、液相形成机制及影响因素,于2016年1-2月昼夜共采集46个PM_2.5样品,并对二元羧酸类SOA （包括二元羧酸、酮羧酸与α-二羰基化合物）与左旋葡聚糖的昼夜变化特征进行分析.研究结果表明,二元羧酸、α-二羰基化合物与左旋葡聚糖均呈昼低夜高的变化特征,而酮羧酸的昼夜变化特征与之相反.二元羧酸类SOA的分子组成特征以草酸（C₂）的浓度最高,其次是丁二酸（C₄）和丙二酸（C₃）,与受生物质燃烧较显著的二元羧酸类SOA的分子组成是相同的.C₂/总二元羧酸的浓度（TDACs）、甲基乙二醛（mGly）/乙二醛（Gly）、C₂/SO₄^2-比值的昼夜变化特征与稳定碳同位素（δ¹³C）的组成特征均表明济南市冬季夜晚气溶胶的氧化程度比白天深.C₂及其前体物（Gly、mGly）与SO₄^2-、相对湿度（RH）、液相水含量（LWC）与气溶胶的实际酸度（pH_is）的相关性均较强,表明C₂及其前体物是在液相中经酸催化氧化反应产生的.夜晚二元羧酸类化合物的δ¹³C值高于白天,且随着含碳量的升高二元羧酸的δ¹³C值随之降低.C₂的δ¹³C值随气溶胶的老化而偏正,这是由于同位素动力学效应（KIEs）导致的.     

湖南省天然源挥发性有机物排放时空特征研究

基于MEGANv3.1模型,结合WRF3.4.1气象数据、MODIS数据提取的叶面积指数、J4置信度下不同植被排放因子、生态功能类型数据及植被生长因子数据,估算了湖南省范围内2018年植被挥发性有机物（Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds,BVOCs）排放情况.结果显示,湖南省BVOCs排放总量约为259.15万t,其中,异戊二烯排放占40.35%,单萜烯排放占23.09%,半萜烯排放占2.31%,甲醇排放占8.81%,其他VOC排放占25.45%.空间分布上,湖南省BVOCs排放集中区域与森林密集区域基本重合,主要分布在常德南部、益阳西部、湘西州西南部和怀化市全境及岳阳东部、长沙东部、株洲北部与湘潭交界处,以及株洲南部与郴州北部交界处.BVOCs的排放不仅与植被分布有关,也具有明显的季节性.夏季BVOCs排放最多,占全年的64.23%;冬季BVOCs排放最少,占1.01%;春季与秋季排放分别占18.69%和16.07%.本研究首次聚焦湖南省,在高时空分辨率尺度下分析了该区域BVOCs排放的时间和空间分布特征,可为后续的大气环境研究与精细化管理工作提供依据.     

浅谈对环境管理体系“4.3.1环境因素”的理解

分析了ISO14001 1996版与2004版4．3．1环境因素的区别,介绍了识别能够控制的或能够施加影响的环境因素的具体方法,举例介绍了重要环境因素的识别、控制与改善。