Effect of land use change from paddy to vegetable field on the residues of organochlorine pesticides in soils

The effect of land use change from paddy to vegetable field on the residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was investigated. Soil residues of OCPs were analyzed in vegetable fields which had been converted from paddy fields for 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50 year in Yixing, China in 2003. The mean concentrations of OCPs followed a sequence of: ∑DDTs (13.7 μg kg⁻¹) > ∑HCHs (8.6 μg kg⁻¹) > > HCB (2.09 μg kg⁻¹) > α-endosulfan (1.30 μg kg⁻¹) > endrin (1.08 μg kg⁻¹) > PCNB (0.76 μg kg⁻¹) > dieldrin (0.58 μg kg⁻¹). The mean residues of OCPs especially DDTs increased significantly with vegetable planting time after land use change in the first 15 years, then decreased from 20 to 30 years and increased a little afterward. The time under anaerobic and aerobic conditions was suggested to control mainly the change of the residues of OCPs.     

组合人工湿地工艺微生物群落结构及脱氮效果研究

将复合垂直流、表面流、潜流3种不同类型的人工湿地串联起来,研究每种人工湿地的脱氮微生物及其脱氮效果.结果表明,各种人工湿地池填料表面微生物数量丰富,组合人工湿地系统形成两个串联的A/O单元,脱氮效果良好,其中总氮去除率达82.61%.     

大倾角坚硬顶板综放面采空区漏风数值模拟

由于大倾角坚硬顶板煤层采空区地质条件复杂，漏风规律复杂多变，因而煤自燃危险性较大。利用SF6作为示踪气体对龙东煤矿7162工作面采空区和邻近采空区进行漏风检测，得到7162工作面采空区漏风的基本分布规律。采空区内的漏风出口主要是上隅角处后部的未压实巷道，最小漏风风速随深度的增加而减少，邻近采空区的漏风与煤柱完整程度及断层大小有关，最大漏风量占到正常总供风量的27%。根据漏风检测结果，利用Fluent软件对采空区漏风渗流场进行数值模拟，得到了采空区风压和风速分布规律，离工作面距离大于100 m的采空区内部几乎不存在漏风，保留煤柱的存在使风流更容易进入采空区内部。该研究成果为采空区煤炭自燃防治提供了科学指导。     

铬盐生产过程中危险性分析与典型事故预防

根据铬盐生产工艺流程及特点,通过对生产危险性的分析,确定了铬盐生产典型事故的类型,采用事故树方法对生产中的典型事故红矾钠生产中毒事故进行分析,得到了69个最小割集,3个最小径集和结构重要度,得出有69条可导致红矾钠生产中毒事故的途径,以及未穿戴防护用具是结构重要度最大的基本事件和事故发生的主要原因.在此基础上,提出了预...     

漂浮水生植物对富营养化水体中N2O产生及输移过程的调节作用

漂浮水生维管束植物具有发达的通气组织,然而关于其传输水体中产生温室气体N_2O方面的研究还很匮乏.本研究以漂浮水生植物凤眼莲为代表,利用稳定氮同位素示踪技术,设计能够分隔根室和叶室的水生植物生长系统,通过微宇宙实验定量追踪N-15标记的氮素在凤眼莲根系介导下的转化途径、N_2O产生规律及N_2O通过通气组织向空气的传输过程.研究结果表明,加入水体的~(15)NO_3~-有少部分通过异化还原成为铵(DNRA)过程转化为NH_4~+-~(15)N,主要通过反硝化反应生成N_2O;加入的~(15)NH_4~+主要发生了耦合硝化-反硝化反应.种植凤眼莲均使叶室中N_2O-~(15)N原子百分超和~(15)N_2O浓度明显高于无植物的对照,一方面说明凤眼莲根系能够促进反硝化、硝化-反硝化反应过程,同时也说明水体中的~(15)N_2O有相当一部分通过植株体传输到空气中.凤眼莲通气组织主要通过分子扩散从高浓度空间向低浓度空间输送~(15)N_2O.在标记NO_3~--~(15)N的水体中,凤眼莲在前期促进了~(15)N_2O向顶空排放,但并未在整个生长期持续促进N_2O释放.在标记NH_4~+-~(15)N的水体中,植株体富集是NH_4~+-~(15)N的一个主要归趋途径,但同时也有部分NH_4~+-~(15)N转化为N_2O通过植株通气组织持续、缓慢地释放到顶空当中.研究结果阐明了漂浮植物对水体氮转化过程及N_2O输移途径的调节作用,可为全面理解水体生态系统氮循环过程提供理论基础.     

Removal of hexavalent chromium from contaminated waters by ultrasound-assisted aqueous solution ball milling

Batch mode experiments were conducted to study the removal of hexavalent chromium(Cr(Ⅵ)) from aqueous solutions using ultrasound-assisted aqueous solution ball milling.The results show that the reduction rate of Cr(Ⅵ) by ultrasound-assisted aqueous solution ball milling was significantly faster than that by ball milling or ultrasound treatment alone,and an initial Cr(Ⅵ) concentration of 166 mg/L could be decreased to 0.35 mg/L at 120 min.The decisive factors, including initial concentration of Cr(Ⅵ), p H value, ultrasonic frequency and filling gas, were studied. It was found that the optimal ultrasonic frequency for ultrasound-assisted aqueous solution ball milling device was 20 k Hz, and the rate of Cr(Ⅵ)reduction as a function of filling gas followed the order: Ar air N_2 O_2. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, fluorescence measurements, atomic absorption and the diphenylcarbazide colorimetric method. The Cr(Ⅵ) transformed into a precipitate that could be removed from the contaminated water, after which the water could be reused.     

垃圾填埋气火焰稳定特性试验研究

针对大气式燃烧器在燃烧垃圾填埋气时的火焰稳定特性进行了实验研究，设计了一种结构简单、效果明显的填埋气火焰稳定装置。这种装置对于低热值燃气的稳定燃烧能起到较好的作用。     

我国交通事故分析与控制对策研究

在分析我国交通事故现状及原因的基础上,利用安全系统工程的原理,提出了控制交通事故的基本对策。     

Effects of several low-molecular weight organic acids and phosphate on the adsorption of acid phosphatase by soil colloids and minerals

Adsorption of acid phosphatase on goethite, kaolinite and two colloids from the soils in central and south China in the presence of organic acids and phosphate was studied. With the increase of anion concentration, the ability in decreasing enzyme adsorption followed the sequence: phosphate>tartrate>oxalate>acetate. Acetate showed promotive effect on enzyme adsorption at lower anion concentrations whereas oxalate, tartrate and phosphate compete effectively with enzyme in a broad range of anion concentration. The adsorption isotherms of enzyme in most of the anionic systems studied conformed to the Langmuir equation. Phosphate reduced the affinity of enzyme on goethite more significantly than the other anions. However, tartrate decreased the affinity of enzyme on soil colloids and kaolinite to a greater extent than phosphate, oxalate and acetate. This observation suggested that the impact of anions on enzyme adsorption varies with anionic type and the surface characteristics of soil components. The influence of the addition order of ligand on enzyme adsorption was found greater in tartrate and phosphate systems. In general, simultaneous introduction of ligand and enzyme into the system had the lowest enzyme adsorption, showing more competition between ligand and enzyme molecules in this system. Data from this work indicated that the status and activity of enzyme in certain soil microenvironments especially the rhizosphere where various organic and inorganic ligands are active can be altered and may be completely different from the bulk soil.     

上海城市人为灾害的灾变动力学研究

城市人为灾害灾变动力机制在认识上有两个层次：表征机制和内在机制。本文以研究内在机制为目标，阐明城市复合生态位位势、城市界面论、城市奇异吸引源、城市增熵等４个方面的人为灾害灾变动力机制，并指出了这些研究结论的意义。