加速溶剂萃取(ASE)-固相萃取(SPE)-高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定土壤中青霉素钠

建立了一种加速溶剂萃取(ASE)-固相萃取(SPE)-高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定土壤中青霉素钠的简单、快速的方法.样品以超纯水为提取溶剂,50℃提取温度为ASE提取条件参数;HLB型固相萃取柱富集净化:6.0mL 5%甲醇淋洗、4.0mL乙腈-甲醇(1∶1)洗脱;高效液相色谱-紫外检测器(HPLC-PDA)测定,检测波长λ=191.1nm,柱温30℃,流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸/水(1∶1),采用等梯度洗脱程序,取得较好的检测分离效果.对0.5、2.0、8.0mg·kg-1等3个不同添加浓度水平的青霉素钠平均加标回收率范围为73.1%—89.7%,回收率相对标准偏差RSD范围为1.1%—2.9%(n=5),检出限可达235.0μg·L-1.结果表明,该方法操作简单,快速,准确度和精密度均符合质量控制要求,能够满足环境土壤样本中痕量青霉素钠检测分析的要求.     

大气高CO2浓度对油菜氮素同化累积与植株生长的影响

为了指导高CO2浓度条件下甘蓝型油菜Brassica napus L.合理施氮、创建油菜高产高效以及进一步探明油菜氮代谢的调节机制提供理论依据,本研究采用微区试验,研究2个油菜品种（沪油15-33号和742-2）在2个CO2浓度水平（自然CO2摩尔分数400μmol·mol-1和高CO2摩尔分数（800±20）μmol·mol-1）和2个氮素水平（施氮与不施氮）条件下,氮素同化酶（NR和GS）活性和可溶性蛋白含量的变化,以及油菜地上部干物质量和氮素累积量的响应。试验结果表明,高CO2浓度会提高NR和GS活性;在氮素处理的影响方面,NR活性的变化与油菜的品种和生育时期不同有关：在高CO2浓度条件下,品种A在各时期的施氮处理的酶活性高于不施氮处理;品种B只在抽薹期的施氮处理低于不施氮处理,其他时期则升高;对于GS酶活性,在自然CO2浓度条件下施氮会提高GS酶活性,高CO2浓度条件下施氮则降低其活性（苗期除外）。CO2浓度升高会降低叶片中可溶性蛋白含量（盛花期除外）;在正常CO2浓度下,增施氮肥会提高叶片中可溶性蛋白含量,而在高CO2浓度下,增施氮肥会降低叶片中可溶性蛋白含量。CO2浓度升高和增施氮肥都会提高油菜地上部干物质量与氮素累积量,油菜干物质量与氮素累积量总体上与上述测定指标呈极显著相关。     

山东省MODIS遥感植被指数时空变化研究

动态监测植被覆盖的时空演变,深入研究植被与气候变化和人类活动之间的响应关系,揭示区域环境状况的演变和变迁有着重要的现实意义。山东省植被覆盖率高,为了更好地了解自然因素和土地利用变化对山东地区植被的影响,研究利用MODIS-EVI、气象及城市化数据,通过分析2000—2008年7月月均EVI植被指数与月均温、降水及城市建成区面积之间的关系。得出如下结论:山东省的植被指数在其西部地区和南部地区值比较高;7月EVI指数与月平均气温存在相关系数r=-0.43的负相关关系,EVI指数与月降水间存在相关系数r=0.38的弱正相关关系,与城市建成区面积相关系数为0.30,表明山东地区植被指数的变化与气温的关联度要大于其与降水的关联度。此外,研究考虑了离海远近,将山东地区划为东部和西部地区。从地理位置来看,东部区域EVI值与降水之间的相关度普遍低于西部地区,而东部地区植被指数与气温的相关度要高于西部地区,东部地区在城市化进程加快的同时应更注意环境的保护与人工植被的种植。     

Catalytic reduction for water treatment

Treating water contaminants via heterogeneously catalyzed reduction reaction is a subject of growing interest due to its good activity and superior selectivity compared to conventional technology, yielding products that are non-toxic or substantially less toxic. This article reviews the application of catalytic reduction as a progressive approach to treat different types of contaminants in water, which covers hydrodehalogenation for wastewater treatment and hydrogenation of nitrate/nitrite for groundwater remediation. For hydrodehalogenation, an overview of the existing treatment technologies is provided with an assessment of the advantages of catalytic reduction over the conventional methodologies. Catalyst design for feasible catalytic reactions is considered with a critical analysis of the pertinent literature. For hydrogenation, hydrogenation of nitrate/nitrite contaminants in water is mainly focused. Several important nitrate reduction catalysts are discussed relating to their preparation method and catalytic performance. In addition, novel approach of catalytic reduction using in situ synthesized H₂ evolved from water splitting reaction is illustrated. Finally, the challenges and perspective for the extensive application of catalytic reduction technology in water treatment are discussed. This review provides key information to our community to apply catalytic reduction approach for water treatment.

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不同种植制度土壤氧化还原酶活性和动力学特征

土壤质量与土壤的生物学性质密切相关,种植制度对土壤生物学特性的影响研究对土壤质量管理具有重要的意义.以黑龙江853农场不同种植制度土壤为研究对象,探讨种植制度对土壤理化性质,过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶活性和动力学特征的影响.主要研究结果:农作物轮作有利于提高土壤全碳含量,而大豆连作和玉米-大豆轮作使土壤有效氮和全氮含量提高,大豆连作土壤pH显著低于其它作物连作及轮作处理,全磷含量显著高于其它处理;2种轮作体系均提高土壤过氧化氢酶活性和催化能力,且催化能力的提高源于酶的Km降低(即酶-底物亲合力提高);玉米-小麦-大豆轮作提高土壤脱氢酶活性及催化能力,其催化能力的提高由2个动力学参数的变化共同决定,禾本科作物连作土壤动力学参数与豆科作物种植(大豆连作及与禾本科轮作)具有显著差异.本文的研究表明,合理的轮作方式是提高土壤生物学活性的有效手段.     

构建新时期环保战略

4月22日,中华环保联合会成立大会暨首届环境与发展中国论坛在北京举行。国务院副总理曾培炎,国家环保总局局长解振华,联合国环境规划署代表,世界自然保护同盟代表,全国人大常委会副委员长顾秀莲,全国政协副主席周铁农、张榕明等出席了会议。会上,国家环保总局局长解振华发表了题为“中国环境形势及未来十五年环境战略”的讲话,并就“十一五”期间的环境保护工作提出一些战略设想。本刊在此全文发表讲话内容,以期指导我国新时期的环境保护工作。     

大同市大气颗粒物及有机污染物的分析研究

对大同市不同功能区的可吸入尘（＜１０μｍ）浓度进行了测定,并探讨了可吸入尘与总悬沙颗粒物的相关比例。总悬浮颗粒物上二氯甲烷萃取物含量达２０％,对其中的有机污染物用ＧＣ／ＭＳＴ和ＨＰＬＣ进行了分析,鉴定出的主要有机污染物有苯系物及芳烃类化合物３８种,烷烃类化合物３１种,以及酚类,酮类,含氮化合物和增塑剂１４种,总计８３种。     

Understanding the patterns and mechanisms of urban water ecosystem degradation: phytoplankton community structure and water quality in the Qinhuai River, Nanjing City, China

The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of environmental parameters and the phytoplankton community were investigated in October 2010 and January 2011 in the Qinhuai River, Nanjing, China. Results showed that the water quality in the study area was generally poor, and the main parameters exceeding standards (level V) were nitrogen and phosphorus. The observed average concentrations of the total nitrogen (TN) were 4.90 mg?L^?1 in autumn and 9.29 mg?L^?1 in winter, and those of the total phosphorus (TP) were 0.24 mg?L^?1 in autumn and 0.88 mg?L^?1 in winter, respectively. Thirty-seven species, 30 genera, and four phyla of phytoplankton were detected in the river. Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta were the dominant phyla in autumn, with average abundance and biomass of 221.5?×?10⁴?cells?L^?1 and 4.41 mg?L^?1, respectively. The dominant population in winter was Bacillariophyta, and the average abundance and biomass were 153.4?×?10⁴?cells?L^?1 and 6.58 mg?L^?1, respectively. The results of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) between environmental parameters and phytoplankton communities showed that Chlorophyta could tolerate the higher concentrations of the permanganate index, nitrogen, and phosphorus in eutrophic water; Bacillariophyta could adapt well to changing water environments; and the TN/TP ratio had obvious impacts on the distributions of Cyanophyta, Euglenophyta, and some species of Chlorophyta. CCA analyses for autumn and winter data revealed that the main environmental parameters influencing phytoplankton distribution were water temperature, conductivity, and total nitrogen, and the secondary factors were dissolved oxygen, NH₄ ⁺–N, NO₃–N, TN, COD_Mn, TN/TP ratio, and oxidation-reduction potential.     

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols from coking wastewater by simultaneously synthesized organobentonite in a one-step process

The optimal condition for a one-step process removing organic compounds from coking wastewater by simultaneously synthesized organobentonite as a pretreatment was investigated. Results showed that sorption of organic compounds by organobentonite was positively correlated to the cation surfactant exchange on the bentonite and the octanol-water partition coefficient (K_ow) of the solutes. With 0.75 g/L bentonite and 180 mg/L (60% of bentonite cation exchange capacity) cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, the removal efficiencies of the 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) specified by the US Environmental Protection Agency in coking wastewater except naphthalene were more than 90%, and that of benzo(a)pyrene was 99.5%. At the same time, the removal efficiencies of COD_Cr, NH₃-N, volatile phenols, colour and turbidity were 28.6%, 13.2%, 8.9%, 55% and 84.3%, respectively, and the ratio of BOD₅/COD_Cr increased from 0.31 to 0.41. These results indicated that the one-step process had high removal efficiency for toxic and refractory hydrophobic organic compounds, and could improve the biodegradability of the coking wastewater. Therefore it could be a promising technology for the pretreatment of toxic and refractory organic wastewater.     

典型灌区稻田多氯联苯残留特征及生态风险评估

以南方典型小灌区的两块稻田为试验小区,采用GC-ECD对其田间水体和土壤中EPA优控14种多氯联苯（PCBs）进行了检测和定量分析。结果表明,14种PCBs同系物有不同程度检出,优势残留物主要以3氯和5氯取代PCBs为主,水和土壤占PCBs总量的88.24%、90.13%。水中∑PCBs质量浓度为24.09～310.34ng·L^-1,其中地表水均值为245.84ng·L^-1,地下水均值为96.46ng·L^-1;土壤中∑PCBs质量分数为10.01～54.63ng·g^-1,均值为33.92ng·g^-1。稻田地表水中的PCBs质量浓度远高于地下水,垂向迁移明显但速度较慢;稻田地表及地下水中PCBs质量浓度有随时间衰减的趋势,可能与水稻的生育周期有关;淹灌处理稻田PCBs质量分数高于节水灌溉。研究区毒性当量TEQ在2.65×10^-2～7.54×10^-2pg·g^-1之间,生态风险处于中等水平。地表及地下水均遭到污染,再加上PCBs具有生态累积效应,危害不容忽视。