新的突破 新的起点——我国环境科学研究的发展

十几年来,特别是近几年,我国环境科学研究取得了长足的进步,有些学术领域取得了突破。区域环境污染综合防治向高层次发展;环境容量和环境背景值等方面的研究取得突破;环境保护科学方法学的研究取得可喜成绩;环境污染治理技术向纵深展开。      

企业环境监测工作的现状及发展初探

剖析了企业环境监测工作的现状,明确了企业环境监测工作的工基本立足点,在面临大中型国有企业主业副业剥离的情况下,对企业环境监测机构在市场经济条件下如何面对自己的生存进行了探讨,并提出企业环境监测工作的发展设想。     

基于层次分析和模糊数学的电解铝生产安全评价

影响电解铝生产安全状况的因素很多,相互之间具有不确定性和模糊性。建立电解铝生产安全模糊综合评价指标体系,运用层次分析法确定各指标权重,通过专家给出第3层次的模糊关系综合矩阵,对电解铝生产安全性进行模糊综合评价。     

温度、盐度和光照对球形棕囊藻生长和产毒的影响研究

为阐明溶血毒素的生物合成机制、正确认识和评价球形棕囊藻赤潮的危害,设计了盐度、温度、光照三因素三水平正交实验,考查了不同盐度、温度、光照条件下球形棕囊藻的生长和产毒的变化,分析了盐度、温度、光照强度对球形棕囊藻生长和产毒的影响.结果显示,温度是影响球形棕囊藻生长和产毒的显著因子,盐度和光照的影响不显著.30℃时球形棕囊藻比生长速率最大,藻细胞产毒能力最强,但所能到达的藻密度最小.在盐度为22、33、40,温度为20、25、30 ℃,光照为2000、4000、5000 lx的所有实验组合中,盐度为40、温度为30℃、光照为4000 lx时球形棕囊藻细胞产毒能力最强,盐度为40、温度为30℃、光照为5000 lx时球形棕囊藻的比生长速率最大.     

矿山安全管理信息系统的研究与开发

在分析安全管理信息系统的特点和发展状况的基础上,论述了矿山安全管理信息系统所包括的内容：安全信息,系统安全分析,事故预测,安全评价。开发了矿山安全管理信息系统软件。     

改性的膨润土或沸石在废水处理中的应用展望

本文扼要介绍了改性的膨润土或沸石在废水处理中的应用及其吸附水中污染物的性能、机理和规律,指出了今后的研究工作中需要解决的问题,展望了它们在污水处理中的应用前景.     

钢丝绳芯输送带接头硫化工艺安全管理

介绍了钢丝绳芯输送带接头硫化的有关工艺规程 ,提出了确保接头硫化质量的安全施工措施 ,并进行了具体的应用实践 ,对于防止接头硫化质量不高而带来的重大接头断裂隐患具有一定的现实指导意义     

城市空气悬浮颗粒物的理化性质及其健康效应

城市空气悬浮颗粒物的理化性质是其他相关研究的理论基础,目前的研究主要集中在分析空气颗粒物的成分组成、来源解析上.空气悬浮颗粒物主要由金属元素、有机化学成分和无机盐类等组成,城市交通、工业等各种源的排放是其主要来源,按照粒径大小不同一般可将其分为总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、细颗粒物(PM2.5)等.空气悬浮颗粒物达到一定浓度后,会对环境和人体产生一定的危害,而且颗粒物粒径大小不同,来源和成分组成就有别,其产生的危害程度也不一样.文章从粒径大小、来源、成份以及三者间的相互关系等几个方面详细阐述了城市空气悬浮颗粒物的理化性质,并从其对人体、其他动植物和环境等方面造成的影响综述了空气颗粒物的健康效应及影响因素,最后又提出了今后的研究方向和发展途径.     

Variations in global temperature and precipitation for the period of 1948 to 2010

Climate change has impacts on both natural and human systems. Accurate information regarding variations in precipitation and temperature is essential for identifying and understanding these potential impacts. This research applied Mann–Kendall, rescaled range analysis and wave transform methods to analyze the trends and periodic properties of global and regional surface air temperature (SAT) and precipitation (PR) over the period of 1948 to 2010. The results show that 65.34 % of the area studied exhibits significant warming trends (p?<?0.05) while only 3.18 % of the area exhibits significant cooling trends. The greatest warming trends are observed in Antarctica (0.32 °C per decade) and Middle Africa (0.21 °C per decade). Notably, 62.26 % of the area became wetter, while 22.01 % of the area shows drying trends. Northern Europe shows the largest precipitation increase, 12.49 mm per decade. Western Africa shows the fastest drying, ?21.05 mm per decade. The rescaled range analysis reveals large areas that show persistent warming trends; this behavior in SAT is more obvious than that in PR. Wave transform results show that a 1-year period of SAT variation dominates in all regions, while inconsistent 0.5-year bands are observed in East Asia, Middle Africa, and Southeast Asia. In PR, significant power in the wavelet power spectrum at a 1-year period was observed in 17 regions, i.e., in all regions studied except Western Europe, where precipitation is instead characterized by 0.5-year and 0.25-year periods. Overall, the variations in SAT and PR can be consistent with the combined impacts of natural and anthropogenic factors, such as atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, the internal variability of climate system, and volcanic eruptions.     

Prospect of recovering phosphorus in magnesium slag-packed wetland filter

Phosphorus recovery from wastewater not only reduces the unbearable impacts of excessive nutrient discharge on environmental systems but also favor the reuse of phosphorus resource. Based on the mechanism as well as technical analysis for major phosphorus recovery techniques including struvite precipitation and wetland substrate adsorption, a novel magnesium slag-packed wetland filter and corresponding operational procedures are proposed, which aim to reduce the dependence of using magnesium-containing chemical reagent as magnesium sources for struvite precipitation, and improve the accumulation and recovery performance for struvite precipitation within porous wetland substrate. Results from preliminary experiments indicated that magnesium slag particles with approximately 2 mm in diameter can recover 43.20–72.39% phosphorus from 1–25 mol/L PO₄ ^3? solution, and the presence of 5–50 mol/L NH₄ ⁺ contributed to 11.71–29.11% enhancement of phosphorus recovery mainly due to struvite precipitation. The detected generation of struvite via XRD spectrum analysis partly demonstrated the potential of phosphorus recovery in magnesium slag-packed wetland filter. The proposed phosphorus recovery technology is free of secondary pollution and solid waste generation; phosphorus-saturated (mainly due to struvite precipitation and adsorption) magnesium slag particles can be potentially used as phosphorus fertilizer and thus partly solved the traditional shortages of disposing phosphorus-saturated substrate due to low phosphorus contents.