我国城市天然气替代燃煤集中供暖的大气污染减排效果

基于国家发改委“天然气利用政策”中的天然气利用领域,利用等热值替代方法计算不同领域天然气替代后的污染物减排效果,从大气污染减排角度对天然气各个利用领域的优先次序重新排列,并对2010年全国15个重点供暖城市天然气替代燃煤集中供暖的大气污染物减排量进行测算.结论表明:天然气集中供暖的大气污染减排效果排序处于前列,城市利用天然气替代燃煤集中供暖对CO2、颗粒物(PM)、SO2和NOx都有较明显的减排效果.2010年我国15个重点城市如果采用天然气集中供暖,共可减少CO2排放量2190.71万t、颗粒物(PM)排放量734.24万t、SO2排放量40.21万t、NOx排放量22.56万t.     

钛硅分子筛催化双氧水氧化水中间甲酚

探索催化双氧水氧化去除间甲酚对开发炼油厂碱渣废水处理新技术意义重大。采用钛硅分子筛催化双氧水氧化水中间甲酚,考察了反应时间、反应温度、双氧水加入量、催化剂加入量和初始溶液pH对间甲酚去除率的影响。实验结果表明：钛硅分子筛对双氧水氧化间甲酚具有显著的催化作用;在反应时间为90 min、反应温度为80 ℃、n（H₂O₂）∶n（间甲酚）为4、催化剂加入量为1.5 g/L、初始溶液pH为1.0~11.0的条件下,间甲酚去除率约为94%,间甲酚溶液的BOD₅/COD从氧化前的0.26提高到氧化后的0.38,可生化性显著提高。     

中国一年生野生大豆群体的遗传多样性研究

选用来自全国各地的一年生野生大豆２００ 余份材料,从形态性状、等位酶标记和细胞器ＤＮＡＲＦＬＰ标记的遗传丰富度和遗传离散度两方面分析了中国野生大豆群体的遗传多样性．结果表明：中国野生大豆天然群体存在着遗传分化,各地理生态群体间的遗传多样性水平不同,南方群体最高,黄淮海群体次之,东北群体最低．南方为一年生野生大豆的遗传多样性中心,也可能是起源中心．     

Tank-dependence of the functionality and network differentiation of activated sludge community in a full-scale anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic municipal sewage treatment plant

● Environmental parameters affected functional bacteria and network associations. ● The structure and interactions of AS networks changed greatly within tanks. ● Anoxic co-occurrence network was more unstable and easily influenced. ● Composition of functional bacteria had a seasonal succession pattern. ● Tetrasphaera was the major PAO in spring and winter leading a better P removal. Understanding the structures and dynamics of bacterial communities in activated sludge (AS) in full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is of both engineering and ecological significance. Previous investigations have mainly focused on the AS communities of WWTP aeration tanks, and the differences and interactions between the communities in anaerobic and anoxic tanks of the AS system remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the structures of bacterial communities and their inter-connections in three tanks (anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic) and influent from a full-scale WWTP with conventional anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic (A/A/O) process over a year to explore their functionality and network differentiation. High-throughput sequencing showed that community compositions did not differ appreciably between the different tanks, likely due to the continuous sludge community interchange between tanks. However, network analysis showed significant differences in inter-species relationships, OTU topological roles, and keystone populations in the different AS communities. Moreover, the anoxic network is expected to be more unstable and easily affected by environmental disturbance. Tank-associated environmental factors, including dissolved oxygen, pH, and nutrients, were found to affect the relative abundance of functional genera (i.e., AOB, NOB, PAOs, and denitrifiers), suggesting that these groups were more susceptible to environmental variables than other bacteria. Therefore, this work could assist in improving our understanding of tank-associated microbial ecology, particularly the response of functional bacteria to seasonal variations in WWTPs employing A/A/O process.     

基于去耦合直接法的兰江流域地表水水质预测方法研究

针对影响因素众多、耦合机制复杂情况下的地表水污染物浓度预测问题,将河道污染物浓度的变化量表示为各种影响因子一阶偏导项和二阶偏导项的线性叠加。其中,一阶偏导项可描述影响因子变化与污染物浓度变化的直接关系,二阶偏导项可描述影响因子之间交互作用对污染物浓度变化的影响。在此基础上,提出了用以模拟地表水污染物浓度的去耦合直接法。采用2014—2016年兰江流域将军岩、低田、半潭、沈村、焦岩5个断面的水文和氨氮、高锰酸盐指数、总氮、总磷4项污染指标逐日实测数据,通过差分法求解了一阶和二阶偏导项,并采用2017—2019年实测数据对模型进行了验证和评价。结果表明：去耦合直接法能够有效预测地表水主要污染物浓度的变化方向和变化量,且模拟结果和实测结果的符合情况较好,4项污染指标模拟值的Nash-Sutcliffe系数为0.479～0.654,模拟值与实测值的偏差为0.070～0.352;汇流区面积增加后,影响因子不确性对污染物浓度的扰动减小,污染物浓度变化的规律性增强,去耦合直接法的模拟精度升高。与SWAT模型的对比分析结果显示,在污染成因不发生显著变化的情况下,去耦合直接法的模拟精度优于SWAT模型。     

环境模型与GIS的集成技术研究

首先介绍了环境模型发展现状,重点论述了环境模型与GIS集成的必要性和优势;环境模型与GIS集成的方式、集成系统的体系结构以及它们各自的优缺点,最后以福建省海岸带环境决策支持系统为例具体介绍了环境模型与GIS的集成,并对环境模型与GIS集成未来发展提出了几点看法。     

Factorial fuzzy programming for planning water resources management systems

In this paper, we propose a factorial fuzzy programming (FFP) approach for planning water resources management systems. The conventional fuzzy method cannot reflect the interactions among uncertain system parameters nor quantify their interactive effects. This may lead to important interrelationships among system parameters being neglected in systems analysis, and the derived decisions may not be robust enough to support the management under uncertainties. The objective of this study is to develop an FFP approach to deal with such interactive uncertainties. Factorial analysis (FA) was integrated with the fuzzy technique to quantify the effects of multiple fuzzy modeling parameters on the system performance and to reveal their implicit interrelationships. A flood-diversion planning case was studied to illustrate the applicability of the FFP approach. The individual and interactive effects of fuzzy parameters on the system objectives were evaluated. The influential effects were identified and the implicit interrelationships within influential interactions were revealed.     

SBR分段进水工艺提高污水厂的脱氮效率

研究了SBR分段进水工艺用于污水厂升级改造并提高脱氮效率的方法,通过对昆明某污水厂实际运行工艺的实际调研,决定从运行模式、进水方式和排水比变化三方面用SBR研究影响脱氮效率的因素。结果表明,将原工艺2次搅拌、2次曝气的运行模式改为1次搅拌、1次曝气,会改善原模式下第2次搅拌过程中无反硝化反应的状况,提高系统的总氮去除率;将原工艺连续进水的方式改变为间歇进水,系统的脱氮效率提高了5%以上;分3个阶段研究了排水比在20%~40%之间变化对总氮去除率的影响,每阶段2个反应器的对比实验发现,排水比变大相应的总氮去除率升高,但当排水比为35%和40%时系统出水中会有较高浓度的氨氮,因此,排水比为30%最为合宜。     

Heavy metals in soils from a typical industrial area in Sichuan,China: spatial distribution,source identification,and ecological risk assessment

Anthropogenic activities could result in increasing concentrations of heavy metals in soil and deteriorating in soil environmental quality. Topsoil samples from a typical industrial area, Shiting River Valley, Sichuan, Southwest China, were collected and determined for the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, As, and Hg. The mean concentrations of these metals were lower than the national threshold values, but were slightly higher than their corresponding background values, indicating enrichment of these metals in soils in the valley, especially for Cu, Zn, and Hg. The topsoils in this area demonstrated moderate pollution and low potential ecological risk. Principal component analysis coupled with cluster analysis was applied to analyze the data and identified possible sources of these heavy metals; the results showed that soil Cd, Hg, As, Cu, and Zn were predominantly controlled by human activities, whereas Cr was mainly from the parent material. The spatial distribution of the heavy metals varied distinctly and was closely correlated to local anthropogenic activities. Furthermore, the concentrations of heavy metals in the industrial land demonstrated relatively higher levels than those of other land use patterns. Soil metal concentrations decreased with the distance increase from the traffic highway (0–1.0 km) and water system (0–2.0 km). Additionally, soil properties, especially pH and soil organic matter, were found to be important factors in the distribution and composition of metals.