区域能源效率测算及影响分析——基于三阶段DEA方法

文章运用三阶段DEA方法,测算了2010～2017年间全国30个省、市能源效率,并将剔除环境要素和随机扰动影响的效率值与传统DEA分析结果进行比较.结果显示,剔除环境要素和随机扰动之前,我国绝大多数省规模效率高于纯技术效率,导致规模效率被高估,存在投入不足的情况;通过三阶段DEA结果,中国地区间规模报酬都处于递增趋势,...     

电杆基础埋深段内表裂纹无损检测方法研究

以万州供电局使用的110 kV输电线路门型杆为对象,提出开发一种带预留检测孔的新型电杆,利用视频装置由检测孔实现对电杆基础埋深段内表面裂纹的无损检测方法。着重介绍了带人工缺陷的模拟电杆检测试验,以及采用工业内窥镜通过检测孔进行视频检测过程。试验结果表明,该方法解决了基础杆段埋深处检测困难问题,可以检测到0.2 mm的裂纹,为输电电杆安全运行检修提供了一种有效的无损检测手段。     

Study in performance analysis of China Urban Emergency Response System based on Petri net

Urban Emergency Response System (UERS) is a modernization symbol of a city. With acceleration of urbanization process and constant expansion of city size in China, China cities must respond to various emergencies timely and effectively to satisfy urban residents’ needs for public security. In recent years, many China cities made trials and efforts in setting up and improving the UERS. At the same time, the China government began to build Emergency Response Systems (ERS) in some cities to deal with various possible emergencies. In this paper, using Petri net (PN), we study the performance of China typical UERS and establish its PN model for performance analysis. Based on the Markov chain (MC) of the model, the performance of China typical UERS is analyzed. Results from our simulation are in conformity with practical operation of China current UERS.     

水平衡模型及其在水价政策的应用

基于物质平衡模型,构建了经济系统水平衡模型及部门的水平衡模型,并利用水平衡模型核算A市工业和居民用水、排水的真实状况,评估水价政策的执行效果,以期为我国水价政策的制定、实施和完善提供参考.结果表明,循环用水具有节水和减排的双重效果:工业的用排比和无处理排水量远高于居民,A市工业水用排比是居民的2.9倍,工业无处理排水量是居民的3.6倍;对用水和排水监管不严,导致实际水费收入远低于应征水费收入.在2009年的水价标准下,A市少征收水费11802万元,有效的水价政策必须建立在严格监管的基础之上.     

Spatial and temporal variation of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in 26 cities in China

O3and PM2.5were introduced into the newly revised air quality standard system in February 2012, representing a milestone in the history of air pollution control, and China's urban air quality will be evaluated using six factors(SO2, NO2, O3, CO, PM2.5and PM10) from the beginning of 2013. To achieve the new air quality standard, it is extremely important to have a primary understanding of the current pollution status in various cities. The spatial and temporal variations of the air pollutants were investigated in 26 pilot cities in China from August 2011 to February 2012, just before the new standard was executed. Hourly averaged SO2, NO2and PM10were observed in 26 cities, and the pollutants O3, CO and PM2.5were measured in 15 of the 26 cities. The concentrations of SO2and CO were much higher in the cities in north China than those in the south. As for O3and NO2, however, there was no significant diference between northern and southern cities. Fine particles were found to account for a large proportion of airborne particles, with the ratio of PM2.5to PM10ranging from 55% to 77%. The concentrations of PM2.5(57.5 μg/m3) and PM10(91.2 μg/m3) were much higher than the values(PM2.5: 11.2 μg/m3; PM10 : 35.6 μg/m3) recommended by the World Health Organization. The attainment of the new urban air quality standard in the investigated cities is decreased by 20% in comparison with the older standard without considering O3, CO and PM2.5, suggesting a great challenge in urban air quality improvement, and more eforts will to be taken to control air pollution in China.     

秸秆还田对双季稻产量及氮磷径流损失的影响

为探索减少稻田氮磷流失的有效耕作措施,以南方典型黄壤双季稻田为研究对象,采用田间长期定位观测试验,研究了连续7 a(2008—2014年)秸秆还田(RFS)替代38.7%的N、40.8%的P₂O₅和42.7%的K₂O晚稻化肥投入与常规化肥(RF)处理对双季稻产量、地表径流中ρ(TN)、ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(NO₃--N)、ρ(TP)、ρ(DP)(DP为溶解态总磷)的影响.结果表明:与常规化肥处理相比,秸秆还田处理不仅可从源头上减少晚稻化肥投入,还可降低稻田径流液中氮、磷养分含量,分别使TN和TP流失量减少12.6%、9.7%;氮流失主要以DIN(可溶性无机氮)为主,DIN/TN(DIN输出量在TN输出量中所占比例)为66.2%～70.8%;磷流失主要以DP(可溶性磷酸盐)为主,DP/TP(DP输出量在TP输出量中所占比例)为60.1%～65.9%;秸秆还田处理下早稻较常规化肥处理有增产趋势,增幅为4.5%～10.1%,晚稻有减产风险,但减产差异不显著,平均减幅为6.3%.因此,秸秆长期还田是一种秸秆资源有效利用和节肥增效减失的耕作方式.      

生物炭对土壤中硫的迁移转化及植物有效性的影响研究

土壤中的硫是作物生长发育不可缺少的营养元素,也是合成植物体内蛋白质、核酸等的重要组成成分.硫素是不可再生资源,充分合理的利用现有的硫素资源,对于保持硫素的循环平衡具有重要意义.生物炭一般指农林废弃物在厌氧或缺氧条件下高温热解生成的一种富碳颗粒,因其在土壤性质改良等方面的广泛应用而备受关注.生物炭施入土壤,将直接或间接影响土壤中硫的植物有效性.评述了生物炭对土壤中硫素有效性的重要研究进展,为生物炭的农业应用提供参考价值.     

搏击北江镉污染事故应急处置纪实

由于应对及时．处置得当．北江沿线没有一个城市水厂停水．没有一个人饮用受污染的水．没有发生一起群众恐慌事件，使事故造成的影响小．损失少．危害轻 对污染事故早发现．早报告．早处置．是本次北江镉污染成功处置的经验[编者按]     

大气环境污染源治理产业化研究

文章介绍了大气环境污染源治理产业化的实施方法,这种方法介绍了大气环境污染源治理产业化管理,探讨了大气环境污染源治理项的投资,主要包括资金筹措方案,项目计划进度包括项目的总体目标、计划安排与阶段目标、企业的参与程度、产学研联合机制和其他必要的支撑和配套条件落实情况,只有在大气环境污染源治理产业化的过程中,各方面积极努力,各负其责,就一定能够做好大气环境污染源治理产业化的工作,保卫我们国家的大气环境.     

气相色谱法和分光光度法测定水中的黄磷方法比较研究

对气相色谱法和分光光度法测定水中黄磷的方法进行了比较.在一定浓度范围内,气相色谱法和分光光度法测定水中黄磷得到的标准工作曲线线性均良好;当取样体积为250 mL时,气相色谱法和分光光度法测定水中黄磷的检出限分别为0.1 μg/L和2.0 μg/L,均符合《地表水环境质量标准》的要求;两种方法的精密度均符合实验方法要求;方法也均具有较强的抗干扰能力;气相色谱法和分光光度法测定实际水样中的黄磷,相对偏差均小于5.0%.