Viable contribution of Tibetan sacred mountains in southwestern China to forest conservation

The Tibetan sacred mountains (TSMs) cover a large area and may represent a landscape‐scale conservation opportunity. We compared the conservation value of forests in these mountains with the conservation value of government‐established nature reserves and unmanaged open‐access areas in Danba County, southwestern China. We used Landsat satellite images to map forest cover and to estimate forest loss in 1974–1989, 1989–1999, and 1999–2013. The TSMs (n = 41) and nature reserves (n = 4) accounted for 21.6% and 29.7% of the county's land area, respectively. Remaining land was open‐access areas (i.e., areas without any restrictions on resource use) (56.2%) and farmlands (2.2%). Within the elevation range suitable for forests, forest cover did not differ significantly between nature reserves (58.8%) and open‐access areas (58.4%), but was significantly higher in TSMs (65.5%) after controlling for environmental factors such as aspect, slope, and elevation. The TSMs of great cultural importance had higher forest cover, but patrols by monastery staff were not necessarily associated with increased forest cover. The annual deforestation rate in nonsacred areas almost tripled in 1989–1999 (111.4 ha/year) relative to 1974–1989 (40.4 ha/year), whereas the rate in TSMs decreased in the later period (19.7 ha/year vs. 17.2 ha/year). The reduced forest loss in TSMs in 1989–1999 was possibly due to the renaissance of TSM worship and strengthened management by the local Buddhist community since late 1980s. The annual deforestation rate in Danba decreased dramatically to 4.4 ha/year in 1999–2013, which coincided with the implementation of a national ban on logging in 1998. As the only form of protected area across the Tibetan region during much of its history, TSMs have positively contributed to conserving forest at a landscape scale. Conservation of TSM forests largely relied on the strength of local religious institutions. Integrating community‐based conservation of TSMs within the government conservation network would benefit the conservation of the Tibetan region.     

外源有机酸对马蔺幼苗生长、Cd积累及抗氧化酶的影响

植物修复环境重金属污染仍然受多种因素制约,而通过有机酸辅助植物修复技术提高修复效率逐渐成为治理重金属污染的有效途径之一。采用溶液培养研究了Cd胁迫下2种不同浓度外源有机酸EDTA、柠檬酸对马蔺(Iris lactea var.chinensis)幼苗生长、Cd积累及抗氧化保护酶的影响。结果表明,与单独Cd胁迫(CK)相比,Cd胁迫下溶液中添加0.5和5mmol·L-1EDTA和相同浓度柠檬酸后马蔺地上部Cd质量分数无明显变化,而马蔺地下部Cd质量分数显著增加,0.5mmol·L-1低浓度EDTA和柠檬酸分别使马蔺根系Cd质量分数比对照增加55.6%、137.1%,柠檬酸的促进效果较明显。而溶液中添加2种有机酸对马蔺生物量的影响与对马蔺吸收Cd的效应不同,EDTA和柠檬酸使马蔺地上部生物量略有下降,但与对照相比差异不显著,而5mmol·L-1高浓度EDTA、柠檬酸使根系生物量明显下降,分别比对照下降17.2%、25.7%。同时,2种不同浓度有机酸均使马蔺叶片MDA含量增加,而马蔺叶片SOD和POD酶活性的增加表明马蔺体内抗氧化保护能力的增强,一定程度上可减轻氧化胁迫对马蔺造成的伤害。实验结果说明EDTA和柠檬酸对促进马蔺修复Cd污染具有一定的潜力。     

转化高新技术促进烟气脱硫技术发展

文章综述了国内烟气脱硫技术及设备发展的历程和现状，分析了引进国外全套烟气脱硫技术装置对国内用户所造成的巨大经济压力，提出走转化高新技术发展国内烟气脱硫技术的道路，介绍了国内外脱硫技术与国内技术相结合，在天津市重点工程项目上实施的实例。     

固氮放线菌Frankia与放线菌根植物共生进化的研究进展

固氮放线菌Frankia是能够诱导大范围的放线菌根植物(actinorhizal plants)产生根瘤放线菌.放线菌根植物是植物受Frankia侵染后能够形成根瘤的植物[1].目前,它们之间的进化研究虽然取得了很大进展,但是仍然存在许多不清楚的东西.本文根据最近对植物和Frankia系统进化研究成果、根瘤中放线菌Frankia的多样性研究情况,综述放线菌根植物和共生Frankia进化的研究进展.     

矿物包裹复合肥的缓释性研究

采用埋土试验法和微区试验方法,对矿物包裹复合肥料的缓释性进行了研究。结果表明,矿物包裹复合肥料的养分释放明显向后期延伸,矿物包裹复合肥料的肥效期可达120 d以上,比复混合肥料的肥效期至少延长80 d,有利于植物均衡吸收养分,其氮的利用效率比等养分复合肥高出38个百分点;其磷的利用效率比等养分复合肥高出11.5个百分点。     

饮用水生物预处理除氮技术

依据饮用水中氮元素各种污染形式间的转化机量，介绍了国内外利用生物预处理技术除氮的工艺和经验，讨论了运行控制中的各种影响因素，对生物预处理技术的除氮发展进行了展望。     

几种萃取剂对土壤中重金属生物有效部分的萃取效果

采用6种萃取剂:pH=7的0.01mol/L CaCl_2、pH=7.3的0.005mol/L DTPA+0.1mol/L TEA(三乙醇胺)+0.01mol/L CaCl_2O.1mol/L NaNO_3、0.43mol/L HOAc、pH=7的0.05mol/L EDTA和pH=4.65的0.5mol/L NH_4OAc+0.02mol/L EDTA浸取液.对污染土壤中的重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、的进行了萃取,并比较了萃取剂的萃取能力。实验结果表明,HOAc、EDTA以及NH_4OAc-EDTA萃取各种重金属的能力远远大于其它几种萃取剂的萃取能力,是比较理想的萃取剂。     

城市垃圾焚烧主要工艺段捕集灰中二噁英的分布特征

采用同位素稀释法、高分辨气相色谱/质谱检测垃圾焚烧主要工艺段捕集灰中的二英.垃圾焚烧炉预热器、过热器和布袋除尘器捕集灰中二英(PCDD/Fs)的浓度分别为1025ng·g-1,1249ng·g-1和4670ng·g-1,毒性当量(ITEQ)为0073ng·g-1,0026ng·g-1和811ng·g-1.同时,分析了不同氯原子数取代的二英同系物在预热器、过热器、布袋除尘器捕集灰中的变化和对ITEQ值的贡献.     

城市人居环境评价体系的研究及应用

在国内外人居环境理论研究及实践的基础上,提出了由系统层、子系统层和指标层构成的城市人居环境评价指标体系,其中系统层由社会经济环境、自然生态环境、公共设施建设、环境资源保护和环境管理能力五部分组成,子系统层由16个指标组成,指标层由43个具体指标组成。利用统计分析法(Delphi)确定各指标的权值。同时,针对本指标体系结构提出了单项评价和综合评价相结合的评价模式,并设置了城市人居环境质量指数和系统协调度两个综合性指标来全面评价城市人居环境质量。通过对重庆市渝北城区的综合评价,评价结果较客观地反映了该城区的实际。     

河南太行山猕猴国家级自然保护区功能区调整与生态影响

针对拟建济晋高速公路工程对太行山猕猴国家级自然保护区的负面生态影响,提出了保护区功能区调整方案,进而分析了功能区调整对保护区的正面生态影响,并就生态保护与补偿措施问题提出了建议与对策。