酚类化合物对不同组织细胞DNA损伤的研究

应用单细胞凝胶电泳技术 ,研究了酚类化合物对不同组织细胞DNA的损伤 .试验结果表明 ,酚类化合物均能引起不同组织细胞不同程度的DNA损伤 ,并呈现剂量效应关系 .其高剂量组与对照组相比 ,均有极显著性差异 (P <0 0 1 ) .不同组织细胞对同一种药物呈现出不同的敏感性 .酚类化合物遗传毒性效应与其结构密切相关     

几种萃取剂对土壤中重金属生物有效部分的萃取效果

采用6种萃取剂:pH=7的0.01mol/L CaCl_2、pH=7.3的0.005mol/L DTPA+0.1mol/L TEA(三乙醇胺)+0.01mol/L CaCl_2O.1mol/L NaNO_3、0.43mol/L HOAc、pH=7的0.05mol/L EDTA和pH=4.65的0.5mol/L NH_4OAc+0.02mol/L EDTA浸取液.对污染土壤中的重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、的进行了萃取,并比较了萃取剂的萃取能力。实验结果表明,HOAc、EDTA以及NH_4OAc-EDTA萃取各种重金属的能力远远大于其它几种萃取剂的萃取能力,是比较理想的萃取剂。     

城市垃圾焚烧主要工艺段捕集灰中二噁英的分布特征

采用同位素稀释法、高分辨气相色谱/质谱检测垃圾焚烧主要工艺段捕集灰中的二英.垃圾焚烧炉预热器、过热器和布袋除尘器捕集灰中二英(PCDD/Fs)的浓度分别为1025ng·g-1,1249ng·g-1和4670ng·g-1,毒性当量(ITEQ)为0073ng·g-1,0026ng·g-1和811ng·g-1.同时,分析了不同氯原子数取代的二英同系物在预热器、过热器、布袋除尘器捕集灰中的变化和对ITEQ值的贡献.     

单嘧磺隆在小麦田中的残留试验研究

研究了单嘧磺隆的残留分析方法 ,单嘧磺隆在土壤中的消解动态和在土壤、小麦中的最终残留 .土壤经甲醇 /氨水混合液提取 (小麦用丙酮 /水混合液 ) .液液分配及C1 8小柱净化、用带紫外检测器的高效液相色谱仪测定 .单嘧磺隆的最低检出量为 4ng ,在土壤和小麦中的最低检出浓度为 0 0 2mg·kg- 1 .本方法的平均添加回收率为 91 1 7— 1 0 3 8% ,变异系数为 1 47— 1 1 8% .应用上述方法 ,测定了单嘧磺隆在北京、山东两地土壤中的消解动态以及在土壤、小麦中的最终残留 .结果表明 :在北京土壤中的半衰期为 9 2 4d ;在山东土壤中的半衰期为 1 3 5 9d;当按推荐剂量施药 ,小麦收获时 ,在土壤和小麦中 ,北京、山东两地均未检出单嘧磺隆     

家庭生活用水与室内氡浓度研究与进展

文章论述了家庭生活水的氡浓度水平、生活用水对室内氡的贡献、水的使用过程中室内氡行为以及含氡水的使用与辐射照射剂量的关系等问题。指出家庭生活水的氡浓度高时,是室内氡的一个不可忽视的来源。对氡浓度特别高的家庭用水,建议先用活性炭等进行吸附后再使用。     

苯噻草胺对土壤中过氧化氢酶活性及呼吸作用的影响

通过模拟实验研究了水稻除草剂苯噻胺对土壤中过氧化氢酶活性及对土壤呼唤作用强度的影响，并研究了其在不同条件下水解和光解的效果，结果表明，苯噻草胺的浓度对土壤中过氧化氢酶的活性有明显影响，浓度愈大，对土壤中过氧化氢酶活性的抑制愈大，苯噻草胺在实验条件下没有明显的水解和光解，苯噻草胺对土壤呼吸有明显的抑制作用，浓度愈高，土壤呼吸强度在初期抑制愈大，17d后各处理土样的呼吸强度基本恢复正常，试验结果还表明，苯噻草胺属于低毒或无明显实际危害的农药，对土壤微生物影响较小。     

转化高新技术促进烟气脱硫技术发展

文章综述了国内烟气脱硫技术及设备发展的历程和现状，分析了引进国外全套烟气脱硫技术装置对国内用户所造成的巨大经济压力，提出走转化高新技术发展国内烟气脱硫技术的道路，介绍了国内外脱硫技术与国内技术相结合，在天津市重点工程项目上实施的实例。     

UASB反应器处理PTA废水的启动及污泥特性分析

采用上流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）反应器,以精对苯二甲酸（PTA）废水为处理对象,研究了中温条件下反应器的启动、颗粒污泥的形态和产甲烷活性及微生物群落结构。实验结果表明：采用逐渐提高进水负荷和减少水力停留时间的运行方法,历时近200 d,可实现UASB 反应器的启动。此时,反应器对COD的去除率保持在80%以上,对应的容积负荷也达到4.0 kg·（m3·d）-1以上。反应器内污泥实现颗粒化,颗粒污泥的体积平均粒径为416.53 μm,产甲烷活性为121.2 mL·（g·d）-1 （以VSS计）。颗粒污泥表面存在大量菌胶团,杆菌和丝状菌镶嵌其中。菌胶团有助于微生物的聚集,加速污泥颗粒化过程。Syntrophorhabdus是降解PTA废水中苯类污染物的重要微生物,占细菌量的27.4%,而Methanosaeta则是主要的产甲烷菌,占古细菌总量的67.3%。该研究可为UASB 处理PTA废水的启动提供依据。     

Heavy metals in bark of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus massoniana</Emphasis> (Lamb.) as an indicator of atmospheric deposition near a smeltery at Qujiang,China

Goal, Scope and Background Rapid urbanization and the expansion of industrial activities in the past several decades have led to large increases in emissions of pollutants in the Pearl River Delta of south China. Recent reports have suggested that industrial emission is a major factor contributing to the damages in current natural ecosystem in the Delta area. Tree barks have been used successfully to monitor the levels of atmospheric metal deposition in many areas, but rarely in China. This study aimed at determining whether atmospheric heavy metal deposition from a Pb-Zn smeltery at Qujiang, Guangdong province, could be accurately reflected both in the inner bark and the outer bark of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.). The impact of the emission from smeltery on the soils beneath the trees and the relationships of the concentrations between the soils and the barks were also analyzed. Methods Barks around the bole of Pinus massoniana from a pine forest near a Pb-Zn smeltery at Qujiang and a reference forest at Dinghushan natural reserve were sampled with a stainless knife at an average height of 1.5 m above the ground. Mosses and lichens on the surface barks were cleaned prior to sampling. The samples were carefully divided into the inner bark (living part) and the outer bark (dead part) in the laboratory, and dried and ground, respectively. After being dry-ashed, the powder of the barks was dissolved in HNO₃. The solutions were analyzed for iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) by inductively coupled plasmas emission spectrometry (ICP, PS-1000AT, USA) and Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS, ZEENIT 60, Germany). Surface soils (0–10 cm) beneath the sample trees were also collected and analyzed for the selected metals. Results and Discussion Concentrations of the selected metals in soils at Qujiang were far above their environmental background values in the area, except for Fe and Mn, whilst at Dinghushan, they were far below their background values, except for Cd and Co. Levels of the metals, in particular Pb and Zn, in the soils beneath the sample trees at Qujiang were higher than those at Dinghushan with statistical significance. The result suggested that the pine forest soils at Qujiang had a great input of heavy metals from wet and dry atmospheric deposition, with the Pb-Zn smeltery most probably being the source. Levels of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni and Pb at Qujiang, both in the inner and the outer bark, were statistically higher than those at Dinghushan. Higher concentrations of Pb, Fe, Zn and Cu may come from the stem-flow of elements leached from the canopy, soil splash on the 1.5 m height and sorption of metals in the mosses and lichens growing on the bark, which were direct or indirect results from the atmospheric deposition. Levels of heavy metals in the outer barks were associated well with the metal concentrations in the soil, reflecting the close relationships between the metal atmospheric deposition and their accumulation in the outer bark of Masson pine. The significant (p<0.01) correlations of Fe-Cu, Fe-Cr, Fe-Pb, Fe-Ni, Pb-Ni, and Pb-Zn in the outer barks at Qujiang again suggested a common source for the metals. The correlation only occurred between Pb and Ni, Cd and Co in the outer barks at Dinghushan, which suggested that those metals must possibly have other uncommon sources. Conclusions Atmospheric deposition of the selected metals was great at Qujiang, based on the levels in the bark of Pinus massoniana and on the concentrations in the soils beneath the trees compared with that at Dinghushan. Bark of Pinus massoniana, especially the outer bark, was an indicator of metal loading at least at the time of sampling. Recommendations and Perspectives The results from this study and the techniques employed constituted a new contribution to the development of biogeochemical methods for environmental monitoring particularly in areas with high frequency of pollution in China. The method would be of value for follow up studies aimed at the assessment of industrial pollution in other areas similar with the Pearl River Delta.     

中试鸟粪石流化床反应器回收污泥强化厌氧释磷上清液中的磷及产品分析

为了探究鸟粪石结晶成粒技术在实际工程中的应用效果及回收的鸟粪石产品作为缓释肥的可能性,利用大规模中试鸟粪石流化床反应器(25 mr3·d-1)处理天津市某污泥厂污泥强化厌氧释磷上清液,探究不同培养时间下鸟粪石结晶成粒情况并系统分析收获的鸟粪石颗粒品质.结果表明,在反应周期内,磷回收率达到95％,鸟粪石颗粒平均粒径随反应...