盐酸-次氯酸钙氧化法去除贫泥磷中的黄磷

分别采用次氯酸钙单一体系和盐酸-次氯酸钙复合体系对贫泥磷中的黄磷进行氧化处理,重点考察了盐酸浓度、次氯酸钙加入量、反应温度和反应时间等因素对贫泥磷中黄磷去除率的影响。实验结果表明:与单一次氯酸钙体系相比,盐酸的加入有效地破除了贫泥磷中的胶质结构,盐酸-次氯酸钙复合体系能有效地去除贫泥磷中的黄磷;在反应温度为60℃、盐酸浓度为2.4 mol/L、破胶反应时间为30 min、次氯酸钙加入量为250 g/L、氧化反应时间为3 h的最佳条件下,黄磷的去除率达到99.6%以上。     

Eld’s Deer Translocated to Human-Inhabited Areas Become Nocturnal

As human populations expand and nonhuman animals decline, understanding the interactions between people and wildlife is essential. For endangered species, appreciating the effect of human disturbance can be important for their conservation. However, a human disturbance angle is often absent from ecological research, despite growing evidence of the negative impact of nonfatal human interference. Here, we monitored Hainan Eld’s deer living within a reserve and translocated animals living amongst villagers. We show that translocated deer deviated from a crepuscular activity pattern and became increasingly nocturnal, and most active when villagers were not. It appears that translocated deer adapted over time to human disturbance and this pattern is similar to that of other species during periods of hunting. People do not pose an actual threat to Eld’s deer, but their presence triggered a response akin to predator avoidance and may be interfering with broader aspects of their biology and conservation.     

Leaf metabolic influence of glyphosate and nanotubes on the Arabidopsis thaliana phyllosphere

Chemical exposure can indirectly affect leaf microbiota communities, but the mechanism driving this phenomenon remains largely unknown. Results revealed that the co-exposure of glyphosate and multi-carbon nanotubes (CNTs) caused a synergistic inhibitory effect on the growth and metabolism of Arabidopsis thaliana shoots. However, only a slight inhibitory effect was induced by nanotubes or glyphosate alone at the tested concentrations. Several intermediate metabolites of nitrogen metabolism and fatty acid synthesis pathways were upregulated under the combined treatment, which increased the amount of energy required to alleviate the disruption caused by the combined treatment. Additionally, compared with the two individual treatments, the glyphosate/nanotube combination treatment induced greater fluctuations in the phyllosphere bacterial community members with low abundance (relative abundance (RA) <1%) at both the family and genus levels, and among these bacteria some plant growth promotion and nutrient supplement related bacteria were markable increased. Strikingly, strong correlations between phyllosphere bacterial diversity and metabolites suggested a potential role of leaf metabolism, particularly nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism, in restricting the range of leaf microbial taxa. These correlations between phyllosphere bacterial diversity and leaf metabolism will improve our understanding of plant-microbe interactions and the extent of their drivers of variation and the underlying causes of variability in bacterial community composition.     

黄河三角洲新生滨海湿地土壤营养元素空间分布特征

根据植被分布状况,在黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区核心区新生湿地内由黄河岸边至海滩方向布设两条平行样带,研究土壤营养元素空间分布特征.结果表明,黄河三角洲新生滨海湿地表层土壤中TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、TOC、TS和TP平均含量分别为419.37mg·kg-1、3.27mg·kg-1、0.87mg·kg-1、3.43g·kg-1、381.27mg·kg-1和500.86mg·kg-1.从黄河岸边至近海光滩区,土壤中TN、NO3--N、TOC和TS含量逐渐升高.TOC、TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N含量在剖面上均表现为由表向下逐渐降低的规律.相关分析表明,土壤中TS、NO3--N、TN含量与TOC含量之间存在着极显著的正相关,土壤含盐量和pH是影响土壤中TOC、TS、NO3--N、TN含量和碳氮比大小的主要指标.     

胞外聚合物EPS在废水生物除磷中的作用

对EPS在废水生物除磷中的作用机理进行系统研究,探讨和完善生物除磷机理.试验结果表明,在生物除磷系统中,EPS贮存了部分磷,在生物除磷中起着重要的作用.在厌氧.好氧交替过程中.EPS中磷含量呈厌氧减少、好氧增加的周期性变化;污泥中的磷有82%左右被聚磷菌吸收,另外18%左右的磷聚集在EPS中;一个运行周期中基质所减少的磷84.3%被聚磷菌过量吸收,15.7%被贮存于EPS中;EPS对磷的去除能力与EPS的含量正相关.此外,泥龄对EPS影响较大,对EPS在生物除磷中的作用影响显著,泥龄越长,EPS含量越高,EPS中所贮存的磷含量越高.而磷负荷对EPS除磷影响不显著.     

闽江河口芦苇与短叶茳芏空间扩展对湿地植物钒生物富集的影响

选择闽江河口鳝鱼滩芦苇与短叶茳芏空间扩展前的芦苇湿地、短叶茳芏湿地以及二者空间扩展过程中的交错带湿地为研究对象，探讨了空间扩展过程中不同湿地植被的钒（V）生物富集特征及其主要影响因素.结果表明，空间扩展影响下不同湿地土壤的V含量在0~40 cm土层均表现为芦苇湿地 > 交错带湿地 > 短叶茳芏湿地；芦苇湿地和交错带湿地土壤的V含量垂直变化特征较为一致，并均于40~50 cm土层出现较高值.芦苇与短叶茳芏的空间扩展整体增加了交错带湿地土壤的V含量，其均值相比短叶茳芏湿地增加了8.69%，而相比芦苇湿地仅增加0.21%.空间扩展主要通过改变湿地土壤的颗粒组成、EC以及植物的生物量、株高和密度来影响土壤的V含量分布.芦苇与短叶茳芏的V生物富集特征呈相反变化，这与二者竞争过程中植被生态特征改变以及其对V的竞争利用方式有关.此外，不同湿地植被均以根的V富集能力最强，且交错带短叶茳芏的V生物富集能力要高于交错带芦苇，这与二者在竞争生境中对V的吸收利用与转运的差异有关，交错带短叶茳芏可用于未来受V污染湿地修复的备选物种.研究发现，芦苇与短叶茳芏为应对空间扩展过程中的竞争可能采取不同的V富集策略，前者通过将富集到根中的V优先转运至光合器官（叶）的方式来保持相对竞争优势，而后者通过将富集到根中的V大量转移到地上主体（茎）的方式来抗衡来自芦苇的竞争.     

Temporal variations and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in different Suaeda salsa marshes of the Yellow River estuary,China

To understand the temporal variations and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the coastal marshes, the concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Pb, and Cu) in the two Suaeda salsa marshes [middle S. salsa marsh (MM) and low S. salsa marsh (LM)] of the Yellow River estuary were determined from May to November in 2008 by in situ sampling and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis. Results showed that heavy metal concentrations in S. salsa of MM and LM were generally in the order of Cu?>?Cr?>?Pb?>?Ni, while those in sediments fell in the order of Cr?>?Ni?>?Cu?>?Pb. Heavy metal concentrations of S. salsa in MM and LM were different, and significant differences were observed in stems (F?=?4.797, p?=?0.046) and litters (F?=?6.799, p?=?0.026) for Ni. Litter was the main stock of heavy metals, and the allocations of Cr, Ni, and Pb reached 31.25–51.31, 28.49–42.58, and 29.55–66.79 % (in MM) and 36.73–48.60, 41.70–57.87, and 33.30–60.64 % (in LM), respectively. The ratios of roots/leaves (R/L) and roots/stems (R/S) for Cr and Ni in MM were mostly greater than 1, while those ratios in LM were mostly less than 1, indicating that Cr and Ni in S. salsa at LM had greater mobility compared with those at MM. Moreover, the [accumulation factor, AF]_plant of Cr, Ni, Cu, and Pb in LM, especially [AF]_root and [AF]_stem of Cr and [AF]_litter of Ni, was also higher than that in MM. These indicated that S. salsa grown in LM was more suitable for potential biomonitor or phytoremediation of Cr, Ni, Cu, and Pb if intertidal sediments were seriously contaminated with an increase of pollutant loading (especially heavy metals) in the Yellow River estuary. The use of biomonitor (S. salsa) living and growing in LM could yield valuable information not only on the presence of anthropogenic stressors, but, more importantly, on the adverse influence the stressors are having on the environment.     

闽江福州段湿地沉积物重金属吸附-解吸特征及其对酸沉降变化的响应

选择闽江福州段为研究对象,通过采集淡水河段(A、B)、城市河段(C、D)和河口区(E、F)6个样点的沉积物柱样,探讨了湿地沉积物重金属的吸附-解吸特征及其对酸沉降变化的响应.结果表明,Langmuir吸附等温方程可较好地拟合不同河段湿地沉积物吸附4种重金属(Ni²⁺、Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺和Cd²⁺)的热力学过程(R²≥0.71).不同样点对Ni²⁺、Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附能力整体以河口区最高,城市河段次之,淡水河段最低,解吸能力则与之相反,这主要与沉积物颗粒组成(黏粒)及pH值的差异有关.从淡水河段至河口区(A～F),不同样点0～40 cm土层对Ni²⁺、Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺和Cd²⁺的解吸量均随吸附量的增加而升高.随着pH值的增加,Ni²⁺、Cu²⁺、...     

氧化沟曝气与土壤植物系统处理油田污水

中原油田污水对环境污染严重,结合污水的特点,探索出氧化沟曝气与土壤植物系统结合的处理方案。过程由三级处理单元组成。一级单元除去大部分泥沙、悬浮物、漂浮物等固体物质;二级单元有机物借助好氧微生物和污水底部厌氧微生物作用而分解;三级单元利用土地以及其中的微生物和植物根系对污染物的分解、吸收能力来处理废水。上述过程的处理效率达80%以上。