投影寻踪技术在突发事件风险分类评级中的应用——以广东省雷电灾害风险评价为例

针对目前突发事件风险等级评价半定量化、等级的分辨率较粗糙的不足,使用投影寻踪、遗传算法和模拟技术建立了突发事件风险分类评级过程,该评价过程体现了较强的客观性以及等级连续性的特点。运用该评价过程建立了广东省雷电灾害风险评价模型,对广东省雷电灾害进行实证研究。结果显示,风险评价结果与实际情况具有很强的一致性,体现了该风险评价过程的合理性。     

论中原历史文化在大学课堂教学中的运用

中原历史文化博大精深,对中国现代大学生有着重要的教育意义,强调大学课堂教学应与中原历史文化教育结合起来,加大对中原历史文化的讲授与传播,有助于帮助大学生树立正确的世界观、价值观、人生观,推进社会主义和谐社会事业建设.     

铁路职工健康教育与健康促进模式研究

健康教育和健康促进是推动“三个健康”管理工作扎实推进的重要措施,结合某铁路局集团公司健康维护过程,从落实健康教育与健康促进责任主体、开展个性化健康教育与促进、实施岗位与家庭健康教育和健康促进无缝对接等方面阐述健康教育和健康促进模式,进而提出实施健康教育与健康促进的体会,即做好全程健康教育与健康促进、提高健康管理依从性、提升管理人员专业素养、把握健康教育与健康促进关键环节,以期为深入开展健康教育与健康促进工作提供借鉴。     

塔河油田集输管线20#钢在CO2/H2S环境中的腐蚀行为

为充分了解20#钢在塔河油田集输管线工况环境中的腐蚀行为,采用高温高压釜研究CO2/H2S分压比、温度和pH值对20#钢在CO2/H2S环境中的腐蚀规律的影响,并利用扫描电镜(SEM)分析腐蚀产物形貌特征。结果表明:CO2分压不变时,随着H2S分压的增加,20#钢的腐蚀速率先增大后减小,H2S分压为0.01 MPa时的腐蚀速率达到最大0.435 mm/a;随着温度的升高,20#钢的腐蚀速率逐渐增大,在100℃时腐蚀速率高达2.280 mm/a;CO2控制下20#钢的腐蚀速率随着pH值的增大而减小;H2S控制下20#钢的腐蚀速率随着pH值的增大而增大。     

稻草及稻草循环利用后的废弃物还田效益研究

本文针对中南丘陵水稻产区农田稻草经过稻草直接还田(鲜稻草)、稻草过腹还田(新鲜牛粪)、稻草栽培食用菌后还田(新鲜菌渣)、稻草产沼气后还田(新鲜沼渣)等几种主要的循环利用方式后的废弃物还田,结合化肥配施对水稻产量及土壤基本理化性状影响的研究,以期寻找一种既能达到有机废弃物的循环再利用,改善生态环境,又能够改良土壤理化性状并达到水稻丰产的目的.试验结果显示:相对于常规的化肥施用,几种有机废弃物还田加化肥配施均有利于土壤有机质(1.71%～6.98%),碱解氮(4.30%～15.05%),有效磷(11.22%～21.43%)等养分的提高;增加了土壤团聚体R0.25(干筛6.60%～8.74%,湿筛2.64%～45.06%)、平均质量直径(干筛26.91%～52.69%,湿筛4.55%～32.73%)及几何平均直径(干筛17.88%～35.56%,湿筛3.08%～6.15%);在产量方面,虽较常规施肥有所下降,但经济效益却是增加的,较常规施肥增收75.6元·hm2到1 057.0元·hm2,其中沼渣还田的增益率最高达8.59%.     

珠江三角洲地区土壤重金属污染控制与修复研究的若干思考

土壤重金属污染是珠江三角洲地区主要的生态环境问题之一,直接影响到区域生态系统稳定和食品安全,关系到经济尤其是农业的可持续发展和人体健康,因而引起广泛的社会关注.对珠江三角洲地区土壤重金属污染现状和主要特征进行了分析,结合国内外土壤重金属污染研究动态,同时考虑国家需求和地区经济发展需要,提出今后热带亚热带地区土壤重金属污染研究的重点,以及对土壤污染综合治理的一些见解.     

重整四合一炉出口集合管盲端腐蚀研究及结构优化

结合某炼油企业重整装置四合一加热炉出口集合管盲板法兰腐蚀现状,分析产生腐蚀的机理,利用Fluent软件模拟分析不同处理量下发生腐蚀的出口集合管盲板结构处的速度失量图、涡量图等,得出了与腐蚀现状相吻合的结论。对盲板结构进行改进,并进行数值模拟分析,得出优化后的结构可以有效避免出口集合管盲板法兰腐蚀的结论。     

Differences in plant species diversity between conifer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus tabulaeformis</Emphasis>) plantations and natural forests in middle of the Loess plateau

We compared differences in plant species diversity between conifer (Pinus tabulaeformis) plantations and natural secondary forests in the middle of the Loess plateau. The goal of the study was to examine the differences in the effect of stand development on species diversity and in species responses to changes between forest types and between forest layers. To clarify the effects of differences in forest management, we emphasized the functional types of plant species occurring in each forest type. The result as follow: (1) The H′ and S of tree layer were significantly lower in natural conifer forest than old conifer and secondary forest, but were not different compared with mid aged conifer forest. The H′ and S of shrub layer were significantly lower in mid aged conifer forest compared with other forest types. The H′ of herb layer showed no significant differences in the four forest types. The evenness index (J′) of tree layer of mid aged conifer forest was lower than other forest communities and its J′ of shrub layer was highest although its richness of shrub layer was lower than in the other forest types. (2) The analysis of β diversity index also indicated large differences between conifer plantations and natural forests. Although the tree layer species were similar in old plantation and natural conifer forests, they differed greatly between the natural conifer and secondary forests. The natural conifer and secondary forest species composition in shrub layer differed significantly from those in plantation and secondary plots. Tree species were significantly less common in plantations than in abandoned coppice forests. Species composition in the herb layer of different forest types was similar. (3) The management of P. tabulaeformis plantations alters plant species composition considerably; the number of sub tall-tree species is increased in old aged conifer forest, especially species dispersed by animals. Plantation management appears to affect ecological processes through seed dispersal. From the perspective of management, the change in the structure and composition of the canopy in plantations could affect the behavior of dispersers and regeneration.     

Restoration of the lower reaches of the Tarim River in China

The middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River are areas of rich biodiversity and natural resources in the inland arid region of China. However, the Tarim River and its associated wetlands have been severely damaged and fragmented during the past several decades. To restore the deteriorated ecosystem and preserve the endangered riverine vegetation along the Tarim River, a project for releasing water from upper dams to the lower reaches of the Tarim River was initiated by China’s government in 2000. Between 2000 and 2005, we monitored the responses of groundwater levels and vegetation to this mitigation along nine transects spaced at mean intervals of 45 km along the river from Daxihaizi Reservoir, the source of water conveyance, to the Lake Taitema, the mouth of the Tarim River. We found that average groundwater levels rose significantly from 8 to 4 m below ground surface. Species diversity did not change during the 5-year period, but the total vegetation coverage and canopy size of some species significantly increased. The endangered tree species, Populus euphratica, started to regenerate. Our results indicated that species diversity might recover very slowly, even if the trial water release program became a permanent river management practice. Management decisions about allocating limited water supplies among competing uses in arid regions will ultimately determine whether degraded river ecosystems, such as the Tarim River, can be restored.     

黑碳气溶胶研究概况

黑碳气溶胶是大气气溶胶的重要组成部分,由于其在全球气候变化和区域空气质量中的双重作用,黑碳已经成为目前全球气候变化研究中备受关注的焦点之一。在查阅近年国内外相关文献资料基础上,分析了黑碳气溶胶的来源和源强分布,结果表明工业源和居民生活消费源是大气中黑碳气溶胶最主要的贡献者,全球黑碳排放空间分布不均匀,与区域经济发展和人口密度相一致;总结了黑碳气溶胶的基本特性及其影响,重点探讨了黑碳对气候的影响机理,结果表明黑碳气溶胶既可以通过直接气候效应改变地-气系统的辐射平衡,又可以通过云反射效应、地表下垫面改变效应以及作为云凝结核间接影响区域或全球气候;随后对黑碳气溶胶的典型测量方法的优缺点进行了对比分析;最后介绍了黑碳研究领域中存在的主要问题,并对黑碳气溶胶研究的发展方向进行了展望。