数据挖掘平台在珊瑚礁生态系统保护中的初步构建研究

近年来,由于疾病、污染、海洋温度上升以及人类的过度利用,珊瑚礁正面临着致命的毁灭.为了保护珊瑚礁生态系统,迫切需要收集和分析数据,找出影响珊瑚礁生存的主要因素.数据挖掘技术可用于复杂系统的行为建模和预测,将数据挖掘算法与珊瑚礁生态系统数据相结合,构建生态数据挖掘平台,为预测珊瑚礁的生长趋势提供决策支持.针对海洋数据多源性、多态性和多样性的特点,提出改进的数据挖掘平台,并详细论述了数据源层、ETL工具层和数据仓库的结构和功能.     

木聚糖酶在硫酸盐木浆辅助漂白中的应用研究

结合某木浆厂的实际运行数据,对采用木聚糖酶辅助漂白前后的木浆质量、主要物料消耗量及产生废水的污染物指标进行了详细分析.结果表明,在工艺运行参数不变条件下,使用木聚糖酶辅助漂白能够显著提高生产纸浆质量等级,降低原木、二氧化氯和能源消耗量,减轻漂后废水的污染负荷,对于降低纸浆生产成本,保护水环境具有重要意义.     

Biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in drip irrigation emitters distributing reclaimed wastewater

Using reclaimed wastewater for crop irrigation is a practical alternative to discharge wastewater treatment plant effluents into surface waters.However,biofouling has been identified as a major contributor to emitter clogging in drip irrigation systems distributing reclaimed wastewater.Little is known about the biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in the drip emitter flow path.This study was first to investigate the microbial characteristics of mature biofilms present in the emitters and the effect of flow path structures on the biofilm microbial communities.The analysis of biofilm matrix structure using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that particles in the matrix of the biofilm coupled extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and formed sediment in the emitter flow path.Analysis of biofilm mass including protein,polysaccharide and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) showed that emitter flow path style influenced biofilm community structure and diversity.The correlations of biofilm biomass and discharge reduction after 360 h irrigation were computed and suggest that PFLAs provide the best correlation coefficient.Comparatively,the emitter with the unsymmetrical dentate structure and shorter flow path (Emitter C) had the best anti-clogging capability.By optimizing the dentate structure,the internal flow pattern within the flow path could be enhanced as an important method to control the biofilm within emitter flow path.This study established electron microscope techniques and biochemical microbial analysis methods that may provide a framework for future emitter biofilm studies.     

电动增压补气消除柴油机瞬态加速冒烟的试验

将自行开发的、适用车载24V电源的电动增压补气系统在一台490QDI柴油机上进行了实验研究.实验工况包括起始负荷分别为0和40N.m的加载加速的瞬态工况以及1400r·min-1、60N·m,1600 r·min-1、90N-m和1800 r.min-1、120N·m 3种低转速、大扭矩稳态工况,针对以上工况分别进行了有无电动增压补气的实验.试验结果表明,有电动增压补气的柴油机同原机相比,零负荷加载加速时的微粒排放降低达70%以上,瞬间输出功率最大可提高54.5%;在稳态工况时,HC、CO排放都随着电机转速的升高而降低,最大减少量分别达到66.7%和75.O%;波许烟度平均减小50%以上.此外,加速补气对提高燃油经济性也有一定效果,比油耗最大能降低7.46%.     

北京地区植物VOCs排放速率的测定

植物释放的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)主要集中在异戊二烯和单萜烯上,这些种类的化合物占生物圈VOCs释放量2/3.采用封闭式采样和气相色谱分析对北京地区23种典型植物异戊二烯和单萜烯排放速率进行测定和研究,发现阔叶树(如槐,垂柳等)主要释放异戊二烯;而针叶树(如油松)和果树主要释放单萜烯.同时发现植物异戊二烯的释放受光照和温度的影响,而单萜烯的释放则主要受温度的影响.     

太原地区大气氮湿沉降变化特征

为研究太原地区的大气氮湿沉降时空变化规律,于2016年1月～2017年12月采用雨量器对太原市市中、近郊和远郊三地大气氮湿沉降进行了为期2年的监测。得到市中、近郊、远郊的NO₃^--N平均浓度为12.9、18.4、1.3 mg/L,NH₄⁺-N平均浓度分别为3.6、2.3、1.6 mg/L。季节变化上看,NH₄⁺-N浓度值四季相对平均,春夏季稍高,而NO₃^--N浓度变化较大且冬春季浓度值较高。三个采样点大气氮湿沉降量（无机氮）年均沉降量分别为40.0、48.0、14.2 kg/hm²,以近郊的沉降量最高。市中、近郊、远郊的NH₄⁺-N沉降量分别为9.0、5.0、8.2 kg/hm²,占总无机氮湿沉降量的比重分别为22%、11%、57%,NO₃^--N沉降量分别是31.0、43.0、6.0 kg/hm²,占总无机氮湿沉降量的比重分别为78%、89%、43%。从上可知城市降水中主要以NO₃^--N沉降为主,农村则以NH₄⁺-N沉降为主。结合市中、近郊、远郊NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N浓度比值分别为0.54、0.30、1.31,充分表明市中和近郊大气氮湿沉降主要来自工业和交通运输源,远郊则来自农业源。另外,市中、近郊月氮湿沉降量与降雨量差异不显著,远郊则达到极显著水平,说明影响市区两点氮湿沉降的因素较为复杂。由以上数据看出市中和近郊氮污染情况比较严重,应根据各自沉降特点予以控制。     

Production of a newly isolated Paenibacillus polymyxa biocontrol agent using monosodium glutamate wastewater and potato wastewater

A phyllosphere bacterial strain EBL-06 was isolated from wheat leaves. The morphology, cultural characteristics, phospholipid fatty acids, physiological and antagonistic fungus activities of this strain were investigated. A phylogenetic tree was constructed by comparing with the published 16S rDNA sequences of the relevant bacteria. The results showed that the isolate EBL-06 was a strain of Paenibacillus polymyxa; this strain performed a high level of antagonistic fungus activity toward a broad spectrum of phytopathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium cucumerinum, Fusarium spp. The isolate EBL-06 can grow well using monosodium glutamate wastewater (MGW) and potato wastewater (PW) as culture medium. The maximum yield of 6.5 × 10 9 CFU/mL of the isolate EBL-06 anti-fungus biocontrol agent was reached in 15 hr cultivation at 28°C, pH 6.0–7.5 using the mixture of MGW and PW (1:9).     

Substrate-induced changes in microbial community-level physiological profiles and their application to discriminate soil microbial communities

The addition of simple substrates could affect the microbial respiration in soils. This substrate-induced respiration is widely used to estimate the soil microbial biomass, but little attention has been paid to its influence on the changes of community-level physiological profiles. In this study, the process of microbial communities responding to the added substrate using sole-carbon-source utilization （BIOLOG） was investigated. BIOLOG is biased toward fast-growing bacteria; this advantage was taken to detect the prompt response of the active microbial communities to the added substrate. Four soil samples from agricultural fields adjacent to heavy metal mines were amended with L-arginine, citric acid, or D-glucose. Substrate amendments could, generally, not only increase the metabolic activity of the microbial communities, but also change the metabolic diverse patterns compared with no-substrate control. By tracking the process, it was found that the variance between substrate-induced treatment and control fluctuated greatly during the incubation course, and the influences of these three substrates were different. In addition, the application of these induced changes to discriminate soil microbial communities was tested. The distance among all samples was greatly increased, which further showed the functional variance among microbial communities in soils. This can be very useful in the discrimination of microbial communities even with high similarity.     

高压线下袋装砂井的施工

在公路软基处理过程中，如公路上空有高压线穿越，则往往因高压线下净空不够使袋装砂井无法施工，采用其它处理方式时，往往导致处理费用大幅上升。本文介绍了套管接驳的方式施工装砂井的工艺，经济可行，可供同行借鉴。     

华南地区薇甘菊叶片挥发性有机化合物的空间差异研究

外来入侵植物薇甘菊对华南地区的生态环境造成严重危害,为探讨薇甘菊叶片挥发性有机化合物在华南地区的空间差异,运用GC-MS分析了华南地区23个不同地理种群230个薇甘菊植株叶片挥发性有机化合物的组分,并用峰面积归一化法计算各组分相对含量;利用线性混合模型分析不同地理种群的气候环境因素对薇甘菊叶片挥发性有机化合物含量的影响;采用聚类分析和主成分分析23个不同地理种群薇甘菊叶片挥发性有机化合物组分的特征。结果表明:利用GC-MS从薇甘菊叶片中鉴定了42种挥发性有机化合物,其主要成分为β-荜澄茄油烯(24.63%)、β-石竹烯(16.81%)、大香叶烯D(10.47%)、α-古芸烯(9.95%)和α-姜烯(9.77%);线性混合模型分析结果显示经度、纬度、海拔高度和温度可显著影响薇甘菊叶片中5种主要挥发性有机化合物的含量;聚类分析和主成分分析表明薇甘菊叶片挥发性有机化合物组分表现出较强的地域特征。研究结果可为阐明薇甘菊的入侵机制及防控措施的制定提供理论与实践参考。