还原剂对Ag/Al2O3催化剂上NO还原的影响

在富氧条件下,研究了CH4、C3H8、C 3H6、C8H18、CH 3OH、C2H5OH,以及C3H6与CH3OH、C3H6与C2H5OH组合作还原剂时,在Ag/Al2O3催化剂上NO的还原活性.结果表明,不同碳氢化合物还原NO的活性温度存在较大的差异.SO2的存在会导致CH3OH还原NO的活性提高,而其他碳氢化合物还原NO的活性降低.随着还原剂浓度提高,NOx转化率增大,不过,过高的还原剂浓度对NO还原不利.组合使用CH3OH与C3H6或C2H5OH与C3H6作为还原剂,能显著拓宽活性温度范围.     

能见度降低条件下楼梯上行疏散实验研究

为探究地下公共建筑能见度降低场景中,个体及小群体楼梯上行疏散特征,在某公共建筑楼梯间进行个体疏散和小群体疏散实验,分析不同能见度条件下个体在梯段及平台上的疏散速度、疏散行为、小群体特征等关键参数。研究结果表明：梯段速度受能见度影响程度大于平台速度,在正常能见度条件下,小群体行为会对疏散移动速度产生负面影响,在低能见度条件下,小群体行为有助于提升疏散效率,表现在小群体平均速度高于群体中最慢个体速度且小群体和个体之间的速度差异较小。     

Trace metal concentrations in suspended particles, sediments and clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) from Jiaozhou Bay of China

Suspended particulate matter (SPM), sediments and clams were collected at three sites in Jiaozhou Bay to assess the magnitude of trace metal pollution in the area. Metal concentrations in SPM (Cu: 40.11-203; Zn: 118-447; Pb: 50.1-132; Cd: 0.55-4.39; Cr: 147.6-288; Mn: 762-1670 microg/g), sediments (Cu: 17.64-34.26; Zn: 80.79-110; Pb: 24.57-49.59; Cd: 0.099-0.324; Cr: 41.6-88.1; Mn: 343-520 microg/g) and bivalves (Cu: 6.41-19.76; Zn: 35.5-85.5; Pb: 0.31-1.01; Cd: 0.51-0.67; Mn: 27.45-67.6 microg/g) are comparable to those reported for other moderately polluted world environments. SPM showed a less clear pattern. Metal concentrations in sediments displayed a clear geographical trend with values increasing with proximity to major urban centers. The clams (on dry weight) showed a complex pattern due to the variability introduced by age-related factors. Cd showed an apparent reverse industrial trend with higher concentrations in clams collected at distant stations. Zn, Pb and Mn showed no clear geographical pattern, whereas Cu increased in the clams collected in the most industrialized area. In addition, the bioaccumulation factors (BAF) were calculated. The result indicated that the studied Ruditapes philippinarum in Jiaozhou Bay possessed different bioaccumulation capacities for Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb and Mn, and Cd, Zn had a relatively high assimilation of those metals from sediment particles. A significant relationship with clam age was observed for Zn (positive) and Cu (negative) suggesting different physiological requirements for both metals with age. Trace metal concentrations measured in the tissue of the investigated clam were in the range considered safe by the WHO for human use.     

环境材料对污染土壤中Pb、Cd和As的吸附解吸研究

通过模拟实验考察了环境材料沸石(FS)和蛇纹石(SS)在不同pH值下对土壤Pb、Cd、As的吸附与解吸结果,探索环境材料对土壤重金属的固化效果。结果表明:对于Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)污染土壤,土壤吸附量随pH升高而增加;在酸性条件下,SS促进土壤对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附;在碱性条件下,FS促进土壤对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附;同时SS与FS使土壤对Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的解吸量大幅度降低。SS促进土壤对AsO-2的吸附,但该吸附量与pH变化无关;SS对AsO-2的解吸量影响不大,且该解吸量随pH升高而升高。SEM分析可知,FS与SS吸附重金属后形态变化显著。可见所用的环境材料对重金属Pb、Cd、As有明显的固化作用。     

不同干扰方式对退耕弃荒地植被恢复的影响

由于各种原因,我国西部地区仍然分布着较大面积退耕后并未实现植被恢复的退耕弃荒地。不同方式或不同强度的人为干扰都会导致退耕弃荒地植被恢复效果发生偏差。研究选取滇西北维西县的退耕弃荒地为对象,通过分析放牧、围封和保护3类不同干扰方式下植被恢复过程中群落物种多样性、地上生物量及主要恢复使用树种云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)幼苗生长的差异,探讨不同干扰方式对退耕弃荒地植被恢复的影响。结果表明：放牧、围封和保护3种干扰方式下退耕弃荒地植物种的Margalef丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数大小均表现为围封样地＞保护样地＞放牧样地(P<0.05),即随着干扰强度的增加,群落物种的丰富度和多样性先升高后降低,结果支持“中度干扰假说”;退耕弃荒地植物群落地上生物量大小依次为保护样地＞围封样地＞放牧样地(P<0.001);云南松幼苗在不同干扰方式下的退耕弃荒地内生长优劣程度依次为保护样地＞围封样地＞放牧样地(P<0.001);因此,保护和围封方式均有利于退耕弃荒地的植被恢复,而自由放牧方式会阻碍植被恢复,甚至可能会导致植被退化。     

太原市PM_(2.5)中溴代阻燃剂的污染特征及人体暴露水平

2013年10月至2014年7月,在太原城区,分4个月采集大气细颗粒物,每个月选取4个样品,分析了颗粒物上8种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和6种新型溴代阻燃剂(NBFRs)的浓度与组成。结果表明,大气PM2.5样品中PBDEs和NBFRs总浓度算术平均值分别为(10.9±10.3)pg·m-3和(22.3±24.7)pg·m-3,其中BDE-209、HBB和DBDPE是溴代阻燃剂中的主要污染物。季节变化来看,秋季样品中总PBDEs和总NBFRs的浓度要高于其他季节,夏季最低;化合物组成上,秋季样品中BDE-209含量较低,而NBFRs中HBB含量较高。相关分析显示,溴代阻燃剂的变化与颗粒物浓度和有机质的相关性不大,与大气温度与无显著性相关,而主要与气团来源有关。城市儿童的吸入暴露量约为成人的2~3倍,反映出PM2.5中溴代阻燃剂对城镇居民尤其是儿童的潜在健康危害仍不容忽视。     

泡沫灭火剂对车用汽油油盘火的灭火性能研究

汽油易挥发且闪点低,火灾危险性极大,且理化性能与标准燃料存在较大差异,有必要评估当前市售泡沫灭火剂对汽油的灭火性能。通过4.52 m 2油盘火试验,对水成膜泡沫灭火剂、抗溶水成膜泡沫灭火剂、氟蛋白泡沫灭火剂及抗溶氟蛋白泡沫灭火剂的灭火性能进行评估研究,并与标准燃料油盘火进行对比,结果表明抗溶水成膜泡沫灭火剂对车用汽油火的灭火效能最佳,石化企业和消防救援队伍在处置汽油火灾时应优先考虑使用抗溶水成膜泡沫灭火剂。此外,车用汽油比标准燃料的灭火难度更大,石化企业可适当提高固定泡沫灭火系统的设防标准。     

Climate-induced Changes in Spring Maize Water Requirement in Xiliaohe River Watershed

Xiliaohe River watershed plays an important role in regional and national grain security. With the development of society and economy, water consumption that increased dramatically causes water shortages. Crop water requirement can provide quantitative basis for making regional irrigation scheme. In this study, spring maize water requirement is calculated by using PenmanMonteith formula and spring maize coefficient from May to September at 10 meteorological stations in Xiliaohe River watershed from 1951 to 2005. The variation trend of the spring maize water requirement during the whole growing stage, water requirement in every month, and meteorological influencing factors are obtained by using Mann-Kendall method, and the degree of grey incidence between the water requirement and meteorological influencing factors are shown. The results are the spring maize water requirement during the whole growing stages increases at half of the stations in Xiliaohe River watershed, and are remarkably affected by the water requirement in May. The monthly mean, maximum and minimum air temperature form May to September show an increasing trend in Xiliaohe River watershed in recent 55 years. The monthly mean and minimum air temperature increases notably. The relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed and sunshine show a decreasing trend with variety for different months. The monthly maximum air temperature, wind speed, sunshine and monthly mean air temperature have the highest correlation degree with spring maize water requirement from May to September.     

淄博市SO2与PM10垂直空间变化规律及其相关性分析

本文对淄博市环境空气中主要污染物SO2和PM10在不同高度的浓度值进行分析,找出污染物垂直空间分布规律;并利用SO2和PM10日均浓度值分析两者之间的相关性,为淄博市环境空气质量进一步控制治理提供一定依据。研究结论如下:淄博市垂直空间SO2、PM10浓度变化基本呈随高度增加而逐步降低趋势;同时SO2和PM10浓度呈现较为明显的相关性。为进一步改善淄博市环境空气质量,不仅要在城市规划中充分考虑给城区以自然通风通道,增加城市对污染物扩散稀释的能力,而其要在开展针对建陶、水泥等行业专项行动,降低工业粉尘排放,加强对城区内市政、房地产建筑工地的监督管理,减少道路和建筑扬尘的同时,加强对SO2排放企业尤其燃煤企业的监管力度,控制SO2排放量,也会相应的进一步降低PM10浓度。     

草原地貌下石油勘探开发环境保护工作的实践与探索

加快内蒙石油资源开发,将扰动草原地貌环境,本文主要阐述了在石油勘探开发过程中,通过完善污染源及污染物排放分析、环境影响分析、污染防治措施及对策,开展清洁生产和预防、应急处置等为主要内容的环境保护工作,对实现保护草原环境,降低草原环境扰动提供有益的借鉴.