Kinetics of reductive dechlorination of 1,2,3,4-TCDD in the presence of zero-valent zinc

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) are toxic and widespread persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Cost-effective technologies for destroying or detoxifying PCDDs are in high demand. The overall purpose of this study was to develop a zero-valent zinc based technology for transforming toxic PCDDs to less- or non-toxic forms. We measured the dechlorination rates of 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (1,2,3,4-TCDD) in the presence of zero-valent zinc under aqueous conditions, identified the daughter compounds of the reaction, and constructed possible pathways for the reactions. The reaction rates of daughter compounds with zero-valent zinc were also measured independently. Our results showed that the zero-valent zinc is a suitable candidate for reducing PCDDs. Reductive dechlorination of 1,2,3,4-TCDD was stepwise and complete to dibenzo-p-dioxin (DD) mainly via 1,2,4-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (1,2,4-TrCDD), 1,3-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (1,3-DCDD), 1-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (1-MCDD) to DD and via 1,2,4-TrCDD, 2,3-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3-DCDD), 2-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2-MCDD) to DD. In each separate system, the observed half-lives of 1,2,3,4-TCDD, 1,2,3-TrCDD, 1,2,4-TrCDD, 1,2-DCDD, 1,3-DCDD, 1,4-DCDD and 2,3-DCDD are 0.56, 2.62, 5.71, 24.93, 41.53, 93.67 and 169.06 h respectively. The tendency of rate constant follows TCDD>TrCDD>DCDD. Our results suggest that zero-valent zinc is a suitable candidate for rapidly reducing highly chlorinated PCDDs to less or non-chlorinated daughter products.     

Multiple Effects of Environmental Factors on Algal Growth and Nutrient Thresholds for Harmful Algal Blooms: Application of Response Surface Methodology

Systematic understanding of the co-effects of environmental factors on phytoplankton proliferation can enable more effective control of harmful algal blooms in eutrophic lakes and reservoirs. A batch of statistically designed experiments using response surface methodology was recently conducted on mixed algae samples collected from Changtan Reservoir. The central composite designed response surface model was established to evaluate multiple effects of various physical and chemical factors (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, temperature, and light intensity) on algal density and chlorophyll a content. Analysis of variance indicated an excellent correlation between modeling results and experimental responses. Among the selected environmental variables, promotion of the interactive effects of nitrogen and phosphorus together with the optimum total nitrogen/phosphorus mass ratio (between 7.9 and 10.1) was determined to be the most significant stimulating parameter associated with algal blooming development dominated by non-nitrogen-fixing species. The favorable effects of strong illumination were shown to be greater than those of high temperature. The border values of total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations leading to a critical value of algal density under different water temperatures and light intensities could be predicted as nutrient loading thresholds for harmful algal blooms by our second-order polynomial regression model.     

新疆阿勒泰变质的震旦系及其微古植物群

在阿勒泰地区一些变质地层的多处剖面 近五十个样品中获得了比较丰富的微古植物和少量似几丁虫化石。将此区以往认识不一的哑地层确定为震旦系,并在前人工作基础上进行划分对比,提出了构造运动的新认识。     

架空线路故障接地的分析及预防措施

分析了一起线路故障接地的原因,提出了降低接地电阻,改造避雷器和绝缘子,过电压限制装置升级改造的防范措施。     

丈八沟人工湖水质评估与基本对策

中国湖泊富营养化的现象十分严重,以景观用途为主的人工湖泊的问题尤为突出。大多湖泊的富营养化都有加重趋势,基本丧失其功能,对湖泊富营养化的预防治理已成当务之急。通过对丈八沟人工湖的水质监测、分析,探讨了引起人工湖泊富营养化的成因,提出了对于人工湖泊富营养化的治理方案。分析表明：引起人工湖泊富营养化的主要原因包括外源性污染和内源性污染,对于湖泊富营养化的治理措施宜采用内环境治理和外环境整治结合的方式。     

能量色散X射线荧光法快速测定生物质燃料中的磷含量

应用能量色散X射线荧光光谱法建立了生物质燃料中磷含量的快速测定方法。对比分析压片压力条件、基体效应和干扰元素,明确了能量色散X射线荧光光谱法的测试条件,通过加标回收率实验、标准样品测试、ICP-OES方法对比等获得实验结果。实验结果表明:能量色散X射线荧光光谱法用于生物质燃料样品的分析,标准工作曲线线性相关系数为0.998 3,方法检出限为0.4 mg/kg,平均加标回收率为98.1%,测定值的相对标准偏差为1.36%~4.92%,标准样品磷含量在标准值不确定度内,能量色散X射线荧光光谱法与行业标准ICP-OES方法的准确度和精密度不存在显著性差异,可应用于生物质中磷含量的环境监测。     

火焰原子吸收法测定总铜不确定度的评定

依据线性最小二乘法的数学特性,提出采用火焰原子吸收法测定地表水中总铜的不确定度的简化评定方法,通过识别和分析不确定度源,对不确定度进行量化,计算合成标准不确定度。此方法适用于地下水、地表水和废水中的总铜含量直接法测定中不确定度的快速评定。     

添加过磷酸钙和糠醛渣对好氧堆肥过程中氨气排放和氮素转化的影响

针对好氧堆肥过程中产生的二次污染问题,以牛粪和小麦秸秆为原料,探究了添加过磷酸钙(SP)和糠醛渣(FR)对户外条垛式好氧堆肥过程中氨气排放和氮素转化的影响.结果表明,添加过磷酸钙降低了堆体的pH,减少了19.65％的氨气排放量,但是其N2O排放量增加了20.8％;添加糠醛渣后堆肥的高温期延长了7 d,增加了69.59％的氨气排放量,但是其N2O排放量减少了68.79％.添加过磷酸钙后,NH4+-N增加了40％～80％,这可能是在升温期和高温期该处理的N2O排放高于对照的主要原因;酸解总氮降低了2.21％～13.71％,这说明添加过磷酸钙促进了有机态氮向无机氮的转化.添加糠醛渣降低了NH4+-N质量分数,增加了总氮的质量分数.添加过磷酸钙通过降低pH减少NH3排放;添加糠醛渣有利于提高总氮质量分数和减少N2o的排放.本研究结果可为好氧堆肥中氨气和氧化亚氮的减排提供参考.     

沉水植物矮慈姑对重污染底泥的耐受及其中主要污染物的去除

矮慈姑(Sagittaria pygmaea Miq)是常见的稻田杂草类沉水植物,但在水污染防治中较少被研究应用.本研究利用典型黑臭河道中厌氧还原态的底泥模拟构建污染水体,考察矮慈姑在其中的生长情况和主要污染物的变化.结果表明,矮慈姑及其根系对底泥具有非常强的耐受性,经过180 d的生长,其植株数量扩增了20倍以上,生物量(干重)达到(411.09±136.19)g·m~(-2),不但地上部分形成了对底泥密集覆盖的沉水植被层,而且地下部分在底泥中也形成了发达的根系.对矮慈姑根与茎叶生物量进行对比分析发现,矮慈姑的根冠比高达0.66±0.36,远高于其它沉水植物,表明矮慈姑的根可以抵御底泥中还原态物质的胁迫作用,从而发育出较庞大的根系.矮慈姑生长使得底泥中还原性物质浓度大幅下降,相较初始底泥,矮慈姑根系到达的底泥区域中典型还原物质亚铁(Fe(Ⅱ))和酸挥发性硫化物(AVS)分别下降了92.6%和96.3%.此外,矮慈姑生长也较好地阻控了底泥中氮、磷向上覆水释放,使得上覆水氮、磷维持在较低的浓度范围.上述研究结果首次发现,矮慈姑能够很好地耐受重污染水体中厌氧还原态的底泥并可对其中的主要污染物进行去除,在黑臭河道等重污染水体的生态修复中具有很大的应用潜力,可以作为沉水植被修复的先锋种,是值得进一步开发的野生水生植物资源.     

新农村建设中废弃物处理现状与出路分析

实现“村容整洁”是新农村建设的一个重要环节。当前新农村建设中废弃物主要以水池、河流、马路等为处理载体,采用直接填埋和燃烧等处理方式,这些方式处理废弃物存在较多危害。农村居民狭隘意识主导、领导工作理念欠缺、新型人才缺失、配套资金和基础设施不到位是问题产生的主要原因。可以通过转变工作理念、建立协同参与治理机制、规范的制度化激励机制、新型人才培养和引入机制、多渠道发展机制、实现资源优势整合机制来解决问题。