燃烧温度对柴油固体颗粒物形貌及氧化特性影响的试验研究

依据柴油机缸内的燃烧环境状态,采用TF-1200X管式炉,采集了柴油在不同温度条件下燃烧产生的颗粒物.应用扫描电镜SEM、X射线衍射仪和热重分析仪,对不同燃烧温度下颗粒的平均粒径、计盒维数、元素质量分数、颗粒表面氧化活性等变化规律进行了研究.结果表明:燃烧温度介于523～623 K之间时,柴油燃烧形成的固体颗粒物主要由颗粒状焦组成,呈片状和珠串状,颗粒中的C元素质量分数随燃烧温度的增加而增加,颗粒着火温度、活化能随燃烧温度的增加而降低;燃烧温度大于723 K时,颗粒呈球状和团簇状,平均粒径随温度的增加而减小,颗粒的C元素质量分数、计盒维数及活化能随燃烧温度的增加而增加,颗粒着火温度随燃烧温度的增加呈上升趋势;柴油在523～923 K之间燃烧形成的颗粒物,随着热重氛围气中氧体积分数的增加,颗粒氧化放热速率增加,活化能变化不大.     

上海不同功能区夏季PM2.5中生物质燃烧贡献的解析

为了解生物质燃烧对上海夏季PM_(2.5)的贡献及评估大气光化学氧化对左旋葡聚糖浓度的影响,在上海的4个不同站点同步采集了PM_(2.5)样品,应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪和离子色谱仪分析了典型生物质燃烧示踪物脱水糖和水溶性钾离子的浓度,采用示踪物产率法估算了生物质燃烧对PM_(2.5)质量及其中有机物的贡献,分析了左旋葡聚糖浓度与大气臭氧浓度的相互关系.结果表明,上海夏季PM_(2.5)中左旋葡聚糖的浓度在不同站点间差别较小,平均浓度为44.2 ng·m~(-3);水溶性钾离子浓度与左旋葡聚糖之间存在显著相关性(r=0.88),平均浓度为0.45μg·m~(-3),85%以上的钾离子为非海盐、非矿物质来源,即主要来源于生物质燃烧;基于左旋葡聚糖和钾离子的示踪物产率法估算的生物质燃烧对夏季上海PM_(2.5)中有机碳的贡献有显著差别,分别为6.0%和19.2%,左旋葡聚糖的光化学降解是导致这一差别的主要原因;左旋葡聚糖与生物质燃烧源钾离子的浓度比(LG/K■)与大气臭氧浓度之间存在显著的负相关关系,说明大部分的左旋葡聚糖会随着大气氧化性的增强而被降解.     

渗铝温度/时间对镍基高温合金的渗层形成影响规律

目的提高材料的高温抗氧化腐蚀性能。方法采用气相渗铝方法在K417镍基高温合金表面制备铝化物涂层,通过光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱(EDS)分析渗铝层厚度、显微组织形貌和各元素在渗层中的分布,分析温度和时间对镍基高温合金渗铝层的形成影响规律。结果气相渗铝方法制备的渗铝层组织为典型的外扩散型组织即外层是单一的β-NiAl相,内层是含富Cr析出相的扩散层,扩散层的细小析出相对Al元素的扩散起到阻碍作用。结论随着渗铝温度的提高和渗铝时间的延长,渗层厚度逐渐增加,且渗铝温度对渗层厚度的影响远高于渗铝时间对渗层深度的影响。渗铝温度临界值为980℃,低于该温度时厚度增长不显著,高于该温度时厚度对渗铝温度和时间的敏感性增加。此外,渗铝温度越高,渗铝层组织中形成孔洞的倾向越大。     

崇明岛土壤中MCCPs的污染水平、组成与来源研究

用GC-ECNI-MS测定了崇明岛土壤中24种中链氯化石蜡(MCCPs)同类物组的含量.目的是了解该地区土壤中MCCPs的污染水平、空间分布、组成特征和来源.结果表明MCCPs在崇明岛土壤中普遍存在,浓度范围为2.56~96.3 ng·g-1,中值为7.32 ng·g-1.聚类分析将所有样品分为两类.大多数土壤样品MCCPs以C14-MCCPs和C15-MCCPs为主要碳同类物组,分别占29.8%和28.9%;Cl5-MCCPs和Cl6-MCCPs为主要氯同类物组,分别占29.9%和23.3%;个别样品中,C14-MCCPs是主要碳同类物组,占68.5%,与CP-52的组成相似.大气沉降和土壤-大气交换可能是崇明岛土壤中MCCPs主要来源,个别点可能受到污水处理厂污泥或其他不明污染源的污染.MCCPs与TOC之间没有显著统计相关性.因子分析表明4种MCCPs的碳同类物组具有相似的来源.与国内外其它研究相比,崇明岛土壤中MCCPs处于较低水平.     

Effects of atamp-charging coke making on strength and high temperature thermal properties of coke

The stamp-charging coke making process has some advantages of improving the operation environment, decreasing fugitive emission, higher gas collection efficiency as well as less environmental pollution. This article describes the different structure strength and high temperature thermal properties of 4 different types of coke manufactured using a conventional coking process and the stamp-charging coke making process. The 4 kinds of cokes were prepared from the mixture of five feed coals blended by the petrography blending method. The results showed that the structure strength indices of coke prepared using the stamp-charging coke method increase sharply. In contrast with conventional coking process, the stamp-charging process improved the coke strength after reaction but had little impact on the coke reactivity index.     

Research on the evolvement of morphology of coking coal during the coking process

The evolvement of morphology and structure of the coal with different metamorphic degrees during coking process in the vertical furnace was investigated by infrared Image detector. Moreover, the temperature distribution in the radial direction and the crack formation were also studied in heating process. The results show that the amount of crack and the shrinkage level of char decrease with the coal rank rising. In addition, the initial temperature of crack formation for char increases with the coal rank rising.     

Effect of mass fraction of long flame coal on swelling pressure and microstructures of cokes

Long flame coal are abundant and widely distributed in China, but the resource utilization is quite low, the production efficiency is not high. Stamp-charging coke making technology can bend some long flame coal, which can reduce production cost and expand the coking coal resources. The long flame coal of different mass fraction is added into prime coking coal including fat coal from Longhu, 1/3 coking coal from Xinjian and coking coal from Didao in experiment. The swelling pressure is tested on-line detection using pressure sensor in coke making process, and the pores are observed by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that, the swelling pressure first increase and then decrease with the temperature increased and the maximum swelling pressure reduces gradually with mass fraction of the Long flame coal from Shenmu increased in coke making process. The SEM images of resultant coke display that the coke get more and more loose and the amount of pores is increased with mass fraction of the long flame coal from Shenmu increased. The amount pores and the pore diameter both is minimum for coking coal from Didao as prime coking coal under the same fraction of long flame coal.     

广西北部湾沿海经济区水稻及根系土硒含量特征

应用原子荧光光度法对广西北部湾沿海经济区水稻和根系土中的硒含量进行了测试。研究了水稻中硒含量与根系土中硒含量以及土壤性质之间关系。结果表明:研究区水稻中硒含量在0.021～0.335mg/kg之间,平均值为0.074mg/kg,标准差0.045,样品数为70件;根系土中硒含量变化范围为0.167～1.328mg/kg,平均值为0.620mg/kg,标准差0.230,样品数为70件。高于世界土壤表层平均值和全国表层土壤平均值,相关分析结果表明,根系土中S、有机质、P、C、N不利于水稻对硒的吸收,高CaO含量和pH有利于硒的吸收。土壤全硒量不是控制水稻硒水平的最主要因素。     

常州市住宅小区生态环境质量评价初探

建立了以大气环境质量、物理环境质量、建筑环境质量及生态环境质量4个评价指标和13个评价因子为主的住宅小区生态环境质量评价体系,通过对常州市6个典型住宅小区的监测评价,了解了目前常州市住宅小区生态环境质量状况,揭示了影响居民住宅小区生态环境质量的主要因素,并相应地提出了建议。     

Site location optimization of regional air quality monitoring network in China: methodology and case study

Regional air quality monitoring networks (RAQMN) are urgently needed in China due to increasing regional air pollution in city clusters, arising from rapid economic development in recent decades. This paper proposes a methodological framework for site location optimization in designing a RAQMN adapting to air quality management practice in China. The framework utilizes synthetic assessment concentrations developed from simulated data from a regional air quality model in order to simplify the optimal process and to reduce costs. On the basis of analyzing various constraints such as cost and budget, terrain conditions, administrative district, population density and spatial coverage, the framework takes the maximum approximate degree as an optimization objective to achieve site location optimization of a RAQMN. An expert judgment approach was incorporated into the framework to help adjust initial optimization results in order to make the network more practical and representative. A case study was used to demonstrate the application of the framework, indicating that it is feasible to conduct site optimization for a RAQMN design in China. The effects of different combinations of primary and secondary pollutants on site location optimization were investigated. It is suggested that the network design considering both primary and secondary pollutants could better represent regional pollution characteristics and more extensively reflect temporal and spatial variations of regional air quality. The work shown in this study can be used as a reference to guide site location optimization of a RAQMN design in China or other regions of the world.