Digital PCR: a powerful new tool for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis?

Recent reports have indicated that digital PCR may be useful for the noninvasive detection of fetal aneuploidies by the analysis of cell-free DNA and RNA in maternal plasma or serum. In this review we provide an insight into the underlying technology and its previous application in the determination of the allelic frequencies of oncogenic alterations in cancer specimens. We also provide an indication of how this new technology may prove useful for the detection of fetal aneuploidies and single gene Mendelian disorders. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

低碳经济的发展模式研究

当前,全球正发生着以变暖为主要特征的气候变化,并已成为世界各国共同面临的危机和挑战。低碳经济是减少温室气体排放,应对全球变暖的最佳经济模式。本文从温室气体减排压力、能源安全和资源环境等三个方面分析了中国发展低碳经济的紧迫性。在对国内外低碳经济理论和实践综述的基础上，从宏观、中观和微观三个层次论证了低碳经济发展模式的发展方向、发展方式和发展方法。即以低碳发展为发展方向．以节能减排为发展方式。以碳中和技术为发展方法。最后提出了我国实施低碳经济发展模式的政策措施：①节能优先。提高能源利用效率；②化石能源低碳化。大力发展可再生能源；③设立碳基金．激励低碳技术的研究和开发；④确立国家碳交易机制。     

Development of Future Generations： Oriented Virtual Negotiation Support System for Intergenerational Conflict

Intergenerational conflict coordination is the fundamental requirement and core of sustainable development. In this paper, through the analysis of the future generations-oriented management mechanisms for intergenerational conflict, the idea of mechanisms and institution building for the coordination and management of intergenerational conflict is put forward. Furthermore, the future generations-oriented virtual negotiation support system （NSS） for intergenerational conflict is developed, built on the analysis of the process simulation of intergenerational wealth transfer, intergenerational equilibrium allocation of resources, and strategies for the mitigation and avoidance of intergenerational conflict, through the application of advanced IT technology. The virtual NSS for intergenerational conflict is helpful to the practical application of the sustainable development theory; on the other hand, it can be applied directly to the intergenerational equilibrium allocation of resources, national economic accounting, formulation of sustainable development strategies and other urgent national economic and social development issues. Finally, the sustainable development theory can be enriched and extended. Therefore, the development of the future generations-oriented virtual NSS for intergenerational conflict has certain theoretical and practical effects on the theory of sustainable development.     

Solution method of overtopping risk model for earth dams

Hydrologic risk analysis relies on a series of probabilistic analyses, and it is a complex problem in estimating the probability distributions of multiple independent and random variables. The goal of this study is to presents the procedure and application of a probability-based risk analysis methodology to evaluate earth dam overtopping risk that induced by concurrent flood and wind. The uncertainty arising from initial water surface level, flood, wind velocity, and dam height are discussed in this research. The improved Monte Carlo simulation and mean-value first-order second-moment method are used to solve the proposed dam overtopping risk model, respectively. The nonparametric kernel density estimation method, which can better learn the complex multimodal characteristic of probability density function than that of traditional parametric estimation method, is employed to improve the probability density function of initial water surface level. The latin hypercube sampling is introduced to generate uniform random number, which improves the efficient and stability compared with simple random sampling. Afterward, an application to the Dongwushi Reservoir in China illustrates that the dam overtopping risk computed using the improved Monte Carlo simulation is lower than that using mean-value first-order second-moment method. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis show that initial water surface level is more sensitive to overtopping risk than wind velocity.     

资源节约型与环境友好型社会技术选择及其创新激励机制的比较研究

建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会要求必须强化技术创新的“选择”意识，除传统的经济效率标准外，还要以生态效率与其它社会价值为基准来选择技术发展的方向。基于此，特提出技术剖新选择的评价标准。并认为，当前生态化技术创新面临的主要障碍是缺乏恰当的激励机制，从而导致企业的长远发展以及人类社会的可持续发展与企业短期生存压力之间的矛盾难以化解。运用博弈论的方法比较了当前各种激励方式下社会整体帕累托最优的存在性问题。结果表明，单纯对生态化产品价格进行补贴并不能使企业生态化技术创新的程度达到社会帕累托最优的程度，创新投资补贴能直接降低企业生态化技术创新所面临的风险，因此具有更好的激励效果。     

Synthesis of mesoporous magnesium oxide: Its application to CO2 chemisorption

Mesoporous magnesium oxide (MgO) was synthesized using mesoporous carbon CMK-3 obtained from mesoporous SBA-15 as exotemplate. P123 was used as the structure-directing template and rice husk ash (RHA) as the silica source for the synthesis of SBA-15, which was subsequently treated with sucrose and sulphuric acid to obtain mesoporous carbon (CMK-3). X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) results and the type-IV adsorption isotherm with H1 hysteresis obtained by N₂ adsorption/desorption study for SBA-15, CMK-3 and mesoporous MgO suggests its resemblance with materials synthesized using conventional silica sources. Mesoporous MgO was subjected for CO₂ adsorption study in TGA; adsorption was 8 and 10 wt% at 25 and 100 °C, respectively. Finally, mesoporous MgO is selective to CO₂ gas, thermally stable and regenerable. Thus, this study contributes a better route to enhance CO₂ gas adsorption and use ecological waste rice husk for the synthesis of such efficient mesoporous materials.     

农业现代化、信息化与农业面源污染研究

利用2003年-2013年中国30个省份的面板数据,检验了农业现代化、信息化与农业面源污染之间的关系.研究发现,农业现代化对农业面源污染有着一定的加重作用;信息化能够有效缓解因农业现代化所导致的农业面源污染,这一现象在粮食主产省同样存在,说明信息化能够发挥减污增绿的作用;农业环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)也得到验证.因此,应进一步推进信息化发展,有效利用信息化对农业现代化所致农业面源污染的缓解作用,还应多措并举促进农民增收,加快农民收入越过EKC曲线拐点.     

模糊综合法在城市绿地系统景观生态综合评价中的应用——以上海市为例

绿地是城市人工景观中最重要的自然要素,以往对绿地景观生态的研究主要集中在能量流动和空间结构等方面,很少涉及城市绿地景观生态的综合评价。本文利用融模糊综合评判和模糊聚类分析于一体的模糊综合法对城市绿地系统景观生态进行了综合评价。     

水库岸坡变形体灾害的信息评价和预测

较真实地评价水库岸坡的稳定性是工程界普遍关注的问题,本文将工程地质逻辑定性分析和信息法定量分析方法结合起来,对丹江口水库库岸岸坡变形体灾害的信息进行评价和预测,分析结果可供工程设计人员参考。     

常熟定点形变对江苏及南黄海中强震映震能力及预报效能分析

采用地形变前兆特征研究中的多种方法,利用常熟台定点形变观测资料,对自1985 年以来发生在江苏省及南黄海海域的中强地震进行了研究及观测手段的映震能力检验,得出:(1) 常熟地倾斜对其周围200 km 范围内MS≥4-5 地震有较好的中、短期前兆异常显示;(2) 归纳总结各分析方法判别获得的异常表明,常熟地倾斜单台信度较高,具有较强的映震能力。